Introduction-In conjunction with its program entitled,'The World's Most Wanted Man 'which chronicles the life and times of Radovan Karadzic ,the P.B.S series "Frontline " has set up a web site. This site contains a page about bringing war criminals to justice which asks the highly pertinent question,"Why has Slobodan Milosevic not been indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal at the Hague?"

Answering this question is hardly an academic exercise.As thousands of refugees from Kosovo stream over the Albanian border ,fleeing an assault of their villages by Serbian paramilitary and police forces,it become clear that failing to punish the crimes of the past can only lead their perpetrators to believe that they can commit similar crimes with impunity.

The question of Milosevic's war guilt concerns us all. Despite the recent events in Kosovo which have made it amply clear that the strategy, adopted at Dayton, of asking the man who started the Balkan Wars to police the peace is a failure,neither the International Criminal Tribunal at the Hague nor the leaders of the international community have seriously considered bringing Mr. Milosevic to justice. It seems clear that they will not even raise the question of Mr Milosevic's culpability if human rights activists and persons concerned with building a lasting peace in the Balkans do not bring serious pressure to bear on them to do so. The following guide to the resources on the Internet that allow the reader to examine the question of Mr Milosevic's culpability,is meant to provide a tool with which to begin raising this question of public interest.

The Legal CaseBalkan Institute

War Crimes and Individual Responsibility

A Prima Facae Case for the Indictment of Slobodan Milosevic (Paul Willams and Norman Cigar)

áááááhttp://www.balkaninstitute.org/analysis/cw-6-97.htm

A study which applies the criteria used to indict Ratko Mladic and Rodavan Karadzic to the 'case ' of Slobodan Milosevic and demonstrates that there is sufficient evidence to indict Milosevic.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

US Senate

Motion Calling for the Indictment of Milosevic (Passed on July 17,1998):

áááááhttp://www.bosnet.org/petition/milosevic-senat.html-ssi

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Frontline Series

Indict Milosevic - Paul Williams and Michael Scharf

áááááhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/karadzic/trial/scharf.html

Argues that the events in Kosovo strengthen the case for indicting Milosevic." The immediate next step of the War Crimes Tribunal should be to issue a public indictment of Mr. Milosevic based on his responsibility for the heavily armed,systematic attacks on Kosovo's ethnic Albanian civilians, which have led to their being hung, summarily executed, burned and tortured."

------------------------------------------------------------------------

What About Milosevic? - Michelle Nicolason

áááááhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/karadzic/trial/milosevic.html

Examines the arguments for and against indicting Milosevic .Interviews include Cigar and Williams, Jim Hooper of the Balkan Institute,Judge Goldstone and former US Ambassador to Yugoslavia Warren Zimmerman

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dayton's Mandate For Apprehending War Criminals - Jim Hooper

áááááhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/karadzic/trial/hooper.html

In which Hooper argues that at Dayton the Nuremburg precedent of holding the persons responsible for planning genocide accountable was turned on its head when "senior American officials assumed that the indictment of Milosevic - who had instigated the war and formulated the policy of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Croatia - would undermine his commitment to implement the peace agreement, thereby increasing the risk of casualties for NATO peacekeepers."

This decision led to a situation where "failure by the U.S. and NATO allies to secure the indictment of Slobodan Milosevic has undermined the integrity of the judicial process, encouraged Milosevic to avoid compliance with Dayton obligations and emboldened him to prepare for more ethnic cleansing in Kosovo."

Milosevic's Role in the Fomenting the Balkan ConflictCal Tech Site

Serbia chief linked to mass killings coming for talks - Roy Gutman

áááááhttp://www.cco.caltech.edu/~bosnia/criminal/newsday_1.html

Details Milosevic,s role in pllanning and ordering massacres in Eastern Bosnia,and why he can be held legally accountable for them.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Federal Army Tied to Bosnian CrimesSerb leader's death camp link - Roy Gutman

áááááhttp://www.cco.caltech.edu/~bosnia/criminal/newsday_2.html

Ties Milosevic to crimes against humanity committed at Prejidor Contains an interview with Former Secretary of State Laurence Eagleberger who states'""I never believed" in the change of command,"Through the period that includes the camps, I believed Milosevic . . . gave the right kind of nod" to run them.

Who Gave the OrdersCal Tech Site

A Deal with Devil Won't Stick - Josua Marevich

áááááhttp://www.cco.caltech.edu/~bosnia/articles/deal1130.html

"Milan Martic, the "president" of the defunct Republic of Serbian Krajina (in Croatia ), has been indicted by the tribunal. In a recent interview with the Belgrade newspaper, Telegraf, Martic said, "No one in Krajina undertook any moves, even of the smallest nature, without informing or consulting Milosevic."

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jane Perlez

Serb Chief Painted as Warmonger by ex-aide by

áááááhttp://www.amber.ucsf.edu/homes/ross/public_html/bosnia_/milos2.txt

The New York Times correspondent reviews a book by former Yugoslav president Borislav Jovic in which he "directly contradicts Milosevic's public explanation that Serbia was an innocent bystander in the war". ....It was apparently so disturbing to Milosevic that after its publication Jovic was unceremoniously stripped of his senior position in the president's political party. "

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Community of Bosnia Site

Documentary Claims Serbia Provided Arms For Srebrenica Massacre

áááááhttp://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/berserk/sreb_arms.html

Describes a Reuteurs TV Special that traced the smuggling of Serbian arms to Bosnian Serb forces in Srebrenica and Momcilo Krjisnik's role in it.

The Nuremburg TrialsThe Avalon Project-Yale University

áááááhttp://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/imt.htm

This project has begun to put the proceedings of Nuremburg Trials and the documentation of Nazi crimes presented there on line. Still a work in progress. The site gives the reader ready access to a wealth of documentation.Showing how the Internet can make such information more readily accessible.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Christopher A Long

The Lessons of Nuremburg

áááááhttp://www.calong.dircon.co.uk/print.nurtri.html

"True, some say the Nuremberg Trials were flawed - one argument being that the court represented only the winning powers who then assumed the roles of both prosecutor and judge while denying any right of appeal.

Such critics seldom suggest who else had the moral right and organisational ability to arrest and convict Nazi war criminals, let alone where any appeal could, reasonably, have been made - as things were at the time. And few have demonstrated that any of the convictions were manifestly wrong.

Yet the International Court in The Hague doesn't even face these dilemmas.

So, if we could get it right then, why can't we do so now?"

The LawAvocats Sans Frontières

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

áááááhttp://www.link.be/asf/convention/convention.html

Transnational Radical Party: Indict Milosevic Appeal

Transnational Radical Party is an association of citizens, parliamentarians and members of government of various national and political backgrounds that intends to achieve, through nonviolent Gandhian methods, a number of concrete objectives aimed at creating an effective body of international law with respect for individuals and the affirmation of democracy and freedom throughout the world.

Contact: radical.party@agora.stm.it

The Historical Background

In part one of this reference guide , we catalogued the resources on the Internet that showed that a persuasive case can be made for indicting Slobodan Milosevic for crimes against humanity and genocide. The second part of this guide consists of a list of internet resources that provide an introduction to the history of the Balkan Wars.The History of this conflict reads like a catalogue of Mr Milosevic's crimes.

Mark Danner's six part series of articles on the Balkan Wars provides an excellent overview of the subject. Many of the major books dealing with the Balkan conflict are reviewed here:

Mark Danner: The US and the Yugoslav Catastrophe

áááááhttp://www.nybooks.com/nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?1997112056R

America and the Bosnia Genocide

áááááhttp://www.nybooks.com/nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?1997120455F

Clinton, the UN, and the Bosnian Disaster

áááááhttp://www.nybooks.com/nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?1997121865F

Bosnia: The Turning Point

áááááhttp://www.nybooks.com/nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?1998020534F

Bosnia: Breaking the Machine

áááááhttp://www.nybooks.com/nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?1998021941F

Bosnia: The Great Betrayal

áááááhttp://www.nybooks.com/nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?1998032640F

The Danner articles provide insight into why the United States did not intervene to stop genocide in the Balkans. The following account of Secretary of State Baker's meeting with Slobodan Milosevic late 1992 points to the genesis of the West's impotence when facing the butcher of Belgrade:

As Zimmermann, Hutchings, and the others in the room well knew, and as Zimmermann writes, Milosevic was a "ruthless leader who might have been impressed by real military power but not by diplomatic overtures." Yet in his "last ditch effort to head off the violence," Baker not only refrained from making any explicit threats but went out of his way to make it plain that the country he represented-the superpower whose military only months before had destroyed the Iraqi army in a matter of days-had already ruled out any use of force. David Gompert says that "not even Baker the poker player could disguise the fact that the warning to the Serbs was not backed by the threat of force"

Many of the books reviewed in the Danner series can be purchased from the Friends of Bosnia electronic bookstore.The bookstore stocks a wide variety of Balkan titles which can be purchased over the internet at a discount from amazon.com :

Friends of Bosnia Electronic Bookstore:

áááááhttp://www.crocker.com/~fob/resour.htm

The Community of Bosnia Website :

áááááhttp://www.students.haverford.edu/vfilipov/home2.html

Contains a section' Visit Bosnian Towns' were genocide occurred 'which chronicles the unfolding of Serbia's campaign of genocide in Bosnia.The Srebrenica section is particularly instructive. Much of this information points to Slobodan Milosevic role in the commission of war crimes.

You can go directly to the Srebrenica section of this site by pointing your browser to:

áááááhttp://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/srebrenica/srebrenica.html

Excerpts of David Rohde,s powerful book recounting the Srebrenica Massacre, 'End Game' are reproduced on this site.

Roy Gutman 's article:

UN's Deadly Deal :How troop-hostage talks led to slaughter of Srebrenica:

áááááhttp://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/srebrenica/gutman.html

Shows how the UN negotiations with Milosevic allowed him to feel he had the green light to attack Srebrenica. As Kosova burns this is surely a cautionary tale.

Bianka Jagger's article, 'The Betrayal of Srebrenica' places the details of the complicity within a larger moral vision and exposes the stakes for all of us when genocide is appeased and facilitated. It quotes Tribunal President Cassese's eloquent defense of the importance of the Tribunal and of justice. The end of the article also includes a chilling account Bianca Jagger's recent trip to Srebrenica and the nearby extermination sites.

Part 1: http://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/srebrenica/BiancaJagger1.html

Part 2: http://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/srebrenica/BiancaJagger2.html

Before the Milosevic visited upon Bosnia the scenes of horror at Omarska,the destruction of Bosnian cities, rape, and the Srebrenica massacre ,his troops razed Vukovar and shelled Dubrovnik.The attack on that historic city prefigured the destruction of Bosnia's cultural heritage. The Address of Pero Poljanic, Former Lord Mayor of Dubrovnik chronicles the attack on that city:

áááááhttp://www.hr/dubrovnik/docs/barbars/poljanic.html

Andras Reidelmayer's testimony before the US Congress on the cultural destruction of Bosnia,points out the motives behind attacks such as the assault on Dubrovnik and the destruction of Bosnia's National Library:

áááááhttp://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/killing.html

"History is the raw material for nationalist or ethnic or fundamentalist ideologies, as poppies are the raw material for heroin addiction...If there is no suitable past, it can always be invented. The past legitimizes. The past gives a more glorious background to a present that doesn't have that much to show for itself [Open Society News, Winter 1993].

To this, one should add: before inventing a new past, the old must be erased. The destruction of a community's past, of its institutions and records is, in the first instance, part of a strategy of intimidation aimed at driving out members of the targeted group. But it also serves another long-term goal. These buildings and records were proof that non-Serbs once resided and owned property in that place,that they had historical roots there. By burning the documents, by razing mosques and Catholic churches and bulldozing the graveyards, the nationalist forces who have now taken over these towns and villages are trying to insure themselves against any future claims by the people they have driven out and dispossessed."

Audio Visual Sources

Photos of the destruction of Vukovar can viewed at the Photos of War site at:

áááááhttp://vukovar.unm.edu/vukovar/docs/100days.html

------------------------------------------------------------------------

BosNet's Sarajevo page:

áááááhttp://www.bosnet.org/bosnia/cities/sarajevo.html-ssi

Contains a Quick Time VR view of Sarajevo under siege,compliments of David Pitchford and a version of the Sarajevo Survival Map reproduced with the permission of Saray Net and Fama. There are also links to the sites where these items were authored.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Milosevic quote articles:

áááááhttp://www.bosnet.org/petition/milosevic-quotes.html-ssi

Series of articles composed of series of quotes about Milosevic.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Serbian militias armed by Milosevic were instrumental in the destruction of Croatia and Bosnia and now taking part in the destruction of Kosova. Christian Amampour's portrait of Arkan,one of the more vicious of the miltia leaders can be on seen on Domovina Net at:

áááááhttp://www.domovina.net/Menu/A_eng.html

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Domovina Net's Srebrenica Unsafe Area Report:

áááááhttp://www.domovina.net/Menu/S_eng.html

Excellent index of print materials on the subject. It's documents in Real Audio and Video contain some of the most powerful images and sounds of the war. These include:

The Death of Yugoslavia Part 6

Nova televisions's the Fall of Srebrenica

BBC Srebrenica the year after

An Interview with General Morrilon(the UN commander who first promised to protect Srebrenica)

Excerpts from the International Criminal Tribunal Mladic Hearings

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Copies of Internews and BBC account coverage of the proceeding of the Hague Tribunal can found at:

áááááhttp://www.domovina.net/Menu/T_eng.html

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Domovina Net and Internews will soon be broadcasting daily reports from the Tribunal at:

áááááhttp://www.domovina.net

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Excerpts of ITN award winning series 'War Crimes in Bosnia 'can be viewed at the Amnesty International Press Award 1996 site:

áááááhttp://www.amnesty.org.uk/press_awards/news.html

------------------------------------------------------------------------

The International Monitor Institute maintains an audio -visual archive of the Balkan Wars. Its Web page allows you to see Real Video Clips from twenty six of these holdings including the Death of Yugoslavia,Bosna by BH Levy,The Cook Report on Arkan,ITN's Report from The Besieged City of Dubrovnik,A Town Called Kozarc, and the ITN report in the visit of its news crew to Omarska.

áááááhttp://www.asnap.com/imi/html/ba_list.htm

History Repeats itself

On June 5 1998, a report of Dutch TV revealed that YPV,s captured from Dutch peacekeepers in Srebrenica were used in the attack on the Kosovar city of Prekaz.Proof, if proof were need ,that Milosevic's campaign of 'ethnic cleansing' in Kosova is part and parcel of his genocidal attacks against the non-Serbian populations of the former Yugoslavia which began when he robbed the Kosovars of their autonomy in 1989. Domovina Net brings us this report:

áááááhttp://www.domovina.net/NOS/video/980606.ram

To understand the historical context of the conflict in Kosova and read a fisrt hand account of the events in Drenica ,one can turn to the Special Report on Kosovo in 'Convergencies' March-April .I have translated three of these article into English. They can bee seen at:

áááááworldnet.net

Spécial Kosovo in French :

áááááhttp://services.worldnet.net/corent/AECNantes/converge/conv0298/c0298_3.html

Spécial Kosovo also contains a series of photos taken in Kosovo by Sébastien Nouvel

Mario's Cybersation's Kosovo Crisis Page :

áááááhttp://mprofaca.cro.net/kosovo.html

Contains a series of documents on the genisis of the Kosovo crisis including reports from OMRI and the Balkan Institute,the debate on Kosovo in the US Congress March 6 ,1998 and a report from the American Federation of Sceintists. It is also has links to all the major web pages and news sources dealing with the Kosovo crisis.

For daily updates on the Milosevic's assualt on the villages and towns of Kosova point your browser the site of the independent newspaper Koha Ditore:

áááááhttp://www.kohaditore.com/ARTA/index.htm

This site also had special reports on the Drenica and Decane massacres.

Kosova Updates are also available at:

áááááhttp://www.alb-net.com/

Real Audio and Video Files and updates at:

áááááhttp://www.domovina.net/index1.html

Indict Milosevic Action

The history of Europe, in this last decade of our century, has been profoundly marked by the conflict in the former Yugoslavia (1991-1995), in which crimes perpetrated against non-Serb civilian populations living in areas marked for "purification" were defined by the UN Human Rights Commission as genocide (May 1994). The wholesale destruction of cities, villages and monuments belonging to humanity's common heritage, mass expulsions, legislation institutionalising ethnic discrimination, concentration camps, massacres, the systematic use of rape and extreme cruelty against civilians, all reappeared in the annals of European history.

The guns have been silent in Bosnia since the Dayton Accords of December 1995. However, an armed aggression against Kosovo was launched in March 1998. Villages were levelled, civilian populations massacred. The UNHCR estimates that 80 000 people have been forced to flee their homes (as of June 1998). Since 1989, Kosovo's ethnic Albanian population has been living under a regime of legalized discrimination and fierce repression. Their prospects are dismal. The Serbian authorities have publicly announced their intention to "cleanse" Kosovo, in whole or in part, of its Albanian population, who make up nine tenths of its inhabitants.

Experience shows us how difficult it is for the international community to act. The interplay of alliances and the actions of our leaders at the highest levels always seem to block any effective move to halt the massacres.

With the creation of the International Criminal Tribunal at the Hague, international law took a great stride forward. But neither the fact of the Tribunal's existence, nor its remarkable accomplishments, prevented 'ethnic cleansing' from occurring in Kosovo just as it did in Bosnia. One day, the Tribunal itself may be judged by history, and will have to explain why it has spared the major militia leaders in Belgrade and the political leaders of the Serbian régime. The implicit protection from which they have benefited is at least partially responsible for the suffering and dying in Kosovo today.

We, therefore, ask the Tribunal to investigate Milosevic's crimes against peace, to officially indict him, and by so doing make him a political pariah, an outlaw shunned by the community of nations.

Milosevic is not Serbia. His hold on power, which future historians will no doubt describe as stemming from a series of disguised, subtle coup d'états, is both illegitimate and based on the support of a minority. His party was defeated in successive elections and denounced in mammoth demonstrations in Belgrade in the autumn of 1996. It lost to the Montenegran opposition in 1997-1998. The Sandjak region, to a less obvious extent the province of Voivodine, and most of all, the martyred region of Kosovo, all long to break free of Milosevic's control. Throughout the new Yugoslavia, a desire for independence results from the absence of democracy and the growing economic, social and cultural catastrophe, which will remain Milosevic's sole legacy to his countrymen.

If Milosevic is still hanging on to power, he owes it to the survival of the old system's bureaucratic apparatus, an over-equipped police force, a militia composed of murderers and mafiosi, and his stranglehold on the mass media. His political survival also depends on the legitimacy accorded him by international authorities when they choose to consider him as the "Serbian strong man".

His can lose that legitimacy without a single shot being fired. Accusing him of crimes against humanity would help the democratic opposition movements, save lives in Kosovo and render justice to all those who have died and suffered through his fault. Placing the blame for the Balkan wars squarely on his shoulders in the eyes of the world would also help fight against a historical lie which does no honor to Serbia's tragic history.

For all of these reasons, we call upon the international authorities and the International Criminal Tribunal to denounce, both legally and politically, one of the worst political assassins that Europe has known since Hitler and Stalin.

June 1998.

Committee Kosovo, Paris

Convergences-Citoyens pour la Bosnie, France

Coordination Paloise pour la Bosnie

Comité Sarajevo Citoyens-Citoyennes, Toulouse

Association Sarajevo, Paris

SourcesThe following Web Pages: Mario's Cyberstation, The Balkan Institute,Major War Crimes Suspects (Cal Tech),Frontline,Domovina Net,Avocats Sans FrontiEres, Human Rights Watch Arrest Now Site,Community of Bosnia ,Yale University Avalon Project,New York Review B