ABSTRACT: Contains the notes introduced in the texts of ARCHIVE RADICAL PARTY, which are translated from Italian. It is periodically updated and extended.

A.I.E.D. Italian Association for Demographic Education. Established in the post-war period by Luigi De Marchi, it played an important role as an informative and awareness-raising means. Runs advisory bureaus.

ABC. Italian popular, semi-pornographic tabloid published in the mid '60s. Directed by Enzo Sabàto, it sponsored the campaign for divorce. Not to be mistaken with the homonymous Spanish weekly.

ACTION FRANCAISE. Nationalist, monarchist and traditionalist Catholic French political daily (1908 - 1944). Founded, along with the homonymous movement, by Ch. Maurras and L. Daudet.

AGIP. National Hydrocarbons Authority. Established in 1926, it was assimilated in the ENI (National Hydrocarbon Corporation) in 1956 as one of the group's operative enterprises.

AGLIETTA ADELAIDE. (Turin 1940). Currently President of the Green Group at the European Parliament. Former member of the Italian Parliament, Secretary of the radical Party in 1977 and in 1978, year in which she was chosen to be part of the popular jury at the trial in Turin against the Red Brigades and Renato Curcio. Promoter of the Turin-based CISA (Information Centre on Abortion and Sterilization).

AGNELLI. Family of Italian automobile manufacturers. Giovanni (1866 - 1945) was the founder of the FIAT automobile company. His grand-son Giovanni, known as Gianni (1921), is currently president of FIAT, while his brother Umberto (1934) is the vice president. Between 1974 and 1976, Gianni was president of the Confindustria, the Italian manufacturers' association, while Umberto was senator from 1976 to 1979. Gianni Agnelli was appointed senator for life in 1991 by the President of the republic, Francesco Cossiga.

AGORA' TELEMATICA. Multilingual computer communications system. An interactive system which enables users from any part of the world not only to receive, but especially to exchange information in five languages (Italian, English, French, Spanish and German). Its services (specialized archive for the Radical Party, conference space, post office, ads sector, press agency, etc.) may be used with the use of a computer connected to the telephone line through a modem. In classical Greek AGORA' means SQUARE, OPEN SPACE.

AGRO PONTINO. Plain in Southern Lazio. Mussolini transformed the area, once a marsh, into an arable and inhabitable area. Considered to be a major achievement of fascism.

ALBERTINI LUIGI. (Ancona 1871 - 1941). Editor of "Il Corriere della Sera" from 1900 to 1925. Interventionist, liberal-conservative. Was forced to resign because of his opposition to fascism.

ALIGHIERI DANTE. (Florence 1265 - 1321). The greatest Italian poet, author of the "Divina Commedia". Participated in the political events of his city and was exiled by his opponents. His love for Beatrice was a source of inspiration for his art.

ALMIRANTE GIORGIO. (Salsomaggiore 1914 - Rome 1988). Secretary of the MSI, Movimento Sociale Italiano (right-wing party which considers itself the heir of fascism) from 1969 to 1987.

ALPINI. Italian Corps of mountain troops, established in 1872.

AMATO GIULIANO. (Turin 1938). Politician, expert in constitutional law. Extraparliamentary by formation, later joined the Socialist Party. Member of Parliament during several legislatures, under-secretary of the Presidency of the Council during the two Craxi governments. Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Treasury during the first Goria government.

AMENDOLA GIORGIO. (Rome 1907 - 1980). One of the founders of the PCI (Italian Communist Party), long considered the heir of Togliatti. Architect of the agreement with the "sound productive forces", he was head of the party's reformist, pragmatist wing. Member of Parliament for many years. Author of a series of remarkable autobiographical works.

ANDREOTTI GIULIO. (Rome 1919). Exponent of the Christian Democratic Party. Secretary of A. De Gasperi, very young, as under-secretary of the Presidency of the Council, he began an uninterrupted career as minister: Interior (1954), Finance (1955-58), Treasury (1958-59), Defence (1959-66), Industry (1966-68), Budget (1974-76). Prime Minister from 1972 to 1973, then from 1976 to 1979 and from 1990 to date.

AO. "Avanguardia Operaia", one of the left-wing formations not represented in Parliament.

ARA. "Azione e ricerca per l'Alternativa", name of the political association established in 1975 by democratic radicals, socialists and labour leaders with the objective of renewing socialism through the unification of its components in view of achieving an alternative to the Christian Democratic Party. Its models were Mitterrand and the French Left of the Clubs. Debates and meetings: "Primo colloquio per l'alternativa" (April 1975),; "Quale socialismo, quale Europa" (November 1975); "Alternativa ed elementi di socialismo nelle amministrazioni locali" (September 1975); "La sinistra e la strategia dei referendum" (October 1975). Secretary General Massimo Teodori, treasurer Piero Bizzarri. Dissolved after the elections of 1976.

ARCOD. Radical Association for the Democratic Constituent Assembly. Created with the purpose of developing and achieving a hypothesis launched by Marco Pannella at the first Italian Congress of the Radical Party (January 1990), aiming to represent a reference for democratic forces, it later represented, under the direction of Giovanni Negri, Massimo Teodori, Peppino Calderisi and for a few months Gianfranco Spadaccia, a key rference for those radicals who did not accept the project of the transnational party as an absolute priority. Played an important role in the creation of the Giannini Committee for the Referendums and later of the Lista Referendum for the political elections of 1992.

ARIAS JUAN. Spanish journalist, "El Pais" correspondent in Italy.

ARLACCHI PINO. Italian journalist, expert in matters relative to drugs.

ARTICLE 7. Art. 7 of the Italian Constitution recognizes and "constitutionalizes" the Concordat between State and Church, signed in 1929. At the Constituent Assembly, it was voted by Togliatti and the PCI with the opposition of socialists, Partito d'Azione, etc. The Concordat was renewed, in a new shape, in 1984 (Craxi government).

AUTONOMIA OPERAIA. Political movement of the extreme Left, active during the second half of the '70s. Reached its peak efficiency in 1977, in 1979 was denounced for connivance with terrorism, and some of its leaders were tried. According to its theorists, the working class was to organize itself in forms that were to be "independent" from the State, its historical enemy.

AVENTINO. The name of one of Rome's seven hills, institutional seat of the Roman plebs, where the latter retired in 494 B.C., breaking the civic pact out of protest against the patricians. Subsequently, name used to designate the abstention from parliamentary work enacted by the oppositions against the Mussolini government, after the assassination of the deputy G. Matteotti (June 1924 - January 1925). Instead of weakening Mussolini, the episode marked the defeat of the democrats.

AZIONE CATTOLICA. Organization of lay Catholics connected to the ecclesiastic hierarchy, which was established and consolidated itself in the various European countries as of the 19th century (in Italy in 1868).

BADOGLIO PETRO. (Grazzano Badoglio 1871 - 1956). Italian general who played important roles during World War I. Chief of Staff Command as of 1925, he opposed Italy's participation in World War II. Following Mussolini's fall (July 1943), he assumed the guide of the government and negotiated the armistice with the allied forces. After the armistice, together with the re-created parties, he headed a government which remained in office three months.

BAGET BOZZO GIANNI. (Savona 1925). Priest, political analyst and writer. Editorialist for "La Repubblica", author of several successful works. Member of the European Parliament, Italian Socialist Party.

BANDINELLI ANGIOLO. (Chianciano 1927). Writer. Former member of the Partito d'Azione; secretary of the Radical Party in 1969, 1971 and 1972; he was also treasurer of the party for five years. In 1979 local councillor in Rome, deputy in the ninth legislature. For many years, editor of several radical publications ("La Prova Radicale", "Notizie Radicali", etc), author of essays and articles relative to the history and the theory of the party, many of which are contained in the book "Il radicale impunito". Writes for newspapers and magazines and for Radio Radicale with notes and editorials.

BARBONE MARCO. Member of the Italian terrorist group of the extreme Left "Brigata 28 marzo", charged with the assassination of a journalist of "Il Corriere della Sera", Walter Tobagi. He then repented and cooperated with the justice system, thus obtaining to be released. The phenomenon of repented terrorists who cooperate with the judicial by revealing facts and names has stirred many controversies. The terms "repented" has become part of the common language in a pejorative meaning.

BARI. Chief town of Apulia.

BARONCELLI DOMENICO. Radical exponent in Ravenna in the '60s. Local councillor elected as radical on the PCI (Italian Communist Party) ticket. Physician.

BASSO LELIO. (Varazze 1903 - Rome 1978). Antifascist, secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (1948-49), in 1964 he supported the schism which lead to the creation of the PSIUP (Italian Socialist Party for the Union of all Workers), which he was President of. Deputy, essayist and political analyst.

BATTISTI CESARE. (Trento 1875 - 1916). Socialist, struggled for the independence of Trentino from Austria-Hungary. Deputy in the Austrian Parliament (1911), at the outbreak of World War I he joined the Italian army. Was captured and hung together with F. Filzi (12 July 1916).

BECCARIA CESARE. (Milan 1738 - Milan 1794). Essayist, economist, exponent of the Italian Enlightenment. Author of the celebrated essay "Dei delitti e delle pene", in which he advocates the abolition of the death penalty and of torture.

BENE CARMELO. (1937). Stage actor, parodist, director.

BENEDETTI ARRIGO. (Lucca 1910 - Rome 1976). Italian journalist, an innovator of journalistic models from the time of fascism, he developed the editorial technique and policy of the "tabloid" with the weekly "Omnibus", which was subjected to Mussolini's censorship. After the war he was editor of "L'Europeo" and, above all, was the founder and the editor of "L'Espresso" (1955-1963).

BERLINGUER ENRICO. (Sassari 1922 - Padua 1984). Italian politician. Deputy since 1968, secretary general of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) from 1979 to his death, after the crisis and the assassination of Allende he became an advocate of the "historical compromise", which produced, between 1976 and 1979, the so-called "majority of no no-confidence", the greatest achievement of Togliatti's strategy for an organic agreement with the Christian Democratic Party. Architect of the project of creating the so-called "Eurocommunism", an attempt to project in the West a reformism which would not entirely deny the communist experience.

BERNABEI ETTORE. Journalist belonging to the Christian Democratic area, for many years he was the powerful director general of the Rai; currently head of one of the most important State corporations.

BIAGI ENZO. (Lizzano in Belvedere 1920). Italian journalist, writes for "La Repubblica" and "Panorama", author of bestselling books.

BOBBIO NORBERTO. (Turin 1909). Italian jurist and philosopher. Theorist of the bases of the juridical science from a standpoint which is very close to juridical neopositivism, exponent of a liberalism which perceives the rigorous respect of the procedures as the very basis of freedom. Senator for life. Writes for "La Stampa".

BOCCA GIORGIO. (Cuneo 1920). Italian journalist, writes for "La Repubblica", author of books and biographies, including a biography of Togliatti.

BONINO EMMA. (Bra 1948). President of the Radical Party, former member of the European Parliament, as of 1976 member of the Italian Parliament. Among the promoters of the CISA (Information Centre on Sterilization and Abortion) and active militant in the campaign against clandestine abortion. She was tried and acquitted in Florence. Participated in the conduction, on a national and international scale, of the campaign on World Hunger. Among the founding members of "Food and Disarmament International", promoted the circulation of the Manifesto of Nobel Laureates.

BORDON WILLER. (Trieste 1949). Deputy of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), member of the Radical Party's federal council. In Trieste he organized a "transverse" ticket in Trieste for the elections of 1992, representative of several democratic forces. Re-elected on such ticket at the Chamber of Deputies.

BOTTEGHE OSCURE. Street in the centre of Rome, seat of the Italian Communist Party. In a wider sense the name designates the party itself.

BOVIO GIOVANNI. (Trani 1841 - Naples 1903). Italian jurist and politician, exponent of the Republican Party.

BRANDT WILLY. (1913). West German politician. Exiled under the Nazi regime (1933-45), mayor of East Berlin (1957-64), president of the Social Democratic Party (1964), foreign minister (1966-69), chancellor (1969-74). Architect of the Ostpolitik, a policy aiming to establish closer relations with the countries of Eastern Europe. In 1971 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace.

RED BRIGADES. (Known as BR). Clandestine terrorist organization of the extreme Left, born and operating in Italy as of 1969. By proclaiming the revolution of the working classes, the organization tried to open several fronts of armed revolt against the State and the political establishment, carrying out a series of attempts, wounding, kidnapping and assassinationg politicians, journalists, magistrates and industrial executives. Its leader was Renato Curcio. In 1978 the organization kidnapped and assassinated Aldo Moro.

C.O.R.A. "Radical Anti-Prohibitionist Coordination", promoter of the initiatives on the campaign against prohibition on drugs. Produces documents and a periodic bulletin.

CALAMANDREI PIERO. (Florence 1889 - 1956). Jurist, journalist and politician. Author of juridical Codes even during the fascist period ("technical collaboration"), later spearhead of the progressivist antifascism. Founder of the publication "Il Ponte". Constitutionalist.

CALDERISI GIUSEPPE (PEPPINO). (Monte S. Angelo 1950). Member of Parliament, Federalist Group. Deputy during the previous two legislatures. Treasurer of the party in 1985 and 1986. Editor, coordinator and leader of several referendum campaigns. Among the promoters of the ARCOD (Radical Association for the Democratic Constituent Assembly). Ran on the "Lista referendaria" headed by M.S. Giannini.

CALOGERO GUIDO. (Rome 1904 - 1986). Italian philosopher. Developed a moral philosophy characterized by a strong ethical and civil commitment, based on the "principle of dialogue". Author of "Lezioni di filosofia" (1946-47), "Logo e dialogo" (1950) and of several articles on the weekly "Il Mondo". Among the founders of the Radical Party.

CALVI ROBERTO. Controversial Italian financier, suspected of connections with the mafia. Director of the "Banco Ambrosiano", he carried out hazardous financial operations which lead the Bank on the verge of bankruptcy. Died in mysterious circumstances in London in 1982: it is uncertain whether he committed suicide or was assassinated. His dead body was found under a bridge on the Thames.

CAMPIDOGLIO. One of the seven hills of Rome, the traditional seat of the mayor and of the city's administration. The square on the top of the hill, with the buildings that close it, is the work of Michelangelo.

CAPPONI CARLA. Communist exponent of the Resistance, took active part in the attempt of Via Rasella, where several German soldiers died, causing the German retaliation in which 300 hundred Italians died, shot at the Fosse Ardeatine.

CARABINIERI. Ancient Corps of the Italian army, carries out functions of public security and judiciary police, supporting the State Police and the Revenue Guard Corps.

CARAVAGGI CATERINA. (Piacenza 1965). Former directress of Agorà telematica.

CARIGLIA ANTONIO. (Vieste 1924). Secretary of the Italian Social Democratic Party. Former member of the European and Italian parliament.

CARLI GUIDO. (Brescia 1914). Economist, former director of the Bank of Italy (1960-1975) and president of the Confindustria (1976-80). Currently Minister of Budget.

CARM. "Collective for the Abolition of mental hospital regulations" (Italy).

CATTANEO CARLO. (Milan 1801 - 1869). Italian historian, essayist and politician. Editor of the "annali universali di statistica", founded a publication, "Il Politecnico" (1839-1844) for the circulation of scientific and technical knowledge in parallel with civil and social progress, underlining the role of the bourgeoisie and of modern capitalism. Exile in Switzerland in 1848, after the failure of the first war of Independence against Austria-Hungary. Supporter of the federalist-republican solution of the Italian unity.

CEDERNA CAMILLA. (Milan 1911). Italian journalist and writer. A bright observer of society, in particular the Milanese one, on "L'espresso" she conducted campaigns and controversies at the time of the terrorist attack of Piazza Fontana and then of the death of G. Feltrinelli.

CEFIS EUGENIO. (Cividale del Friuli 1921). President of the National Hydrocarbon Corporation (ENI) from 1967 to 1971 and of the Montedison chemical company (1971-77). Promoter of the Italian economic reconstruction, favoured by his policy based on the use of oil and methane, he used ruthless systems of power and corruption to achieve his objectives.

CEI. Italian Bishops' Conference, the association which gathers the Italian bishops. Currently presided by Cardinal Ruini.

CERONETTI GUIDO. (Turin 1927). Writer, essayist and translator from classical languages and from Hebrew. With Elémire Zolla, he is a representative of the "apocalyptic" wing of contemporary Italian literature.

CGIL. Italian General Confederation of Labor. Established in 1906 by reformist socialists, it currently represents mostly communist and socialist forces, whose parties (especially of the former) it acted as the "drive belt" in the world of labour, where it still detains a strong majority. Among its most prestigious exponents, Giuseppe Di Vittorio, Luciano Lama, Bruno Trentin, Ottaviano Del Turco, etc.

CICCIOMESSERE ROBERTO. (Bolzano 1948). Radical deputy belonging to the European Federalist Group. Conscientious objector, arrested and convicted; following his initiative, in 1972 this civil right was recognized in Italy. In 1970 treasurer of the Radical party, which he was also secretary of in 1971 and 1984. In 1969 secretary of the LID (Italian League for Divorce), member of the European Parliament from 1984 to 1989. Architect and organizer of "AGORA' telematica", multilingual computer communications system.

CISA. Information Centre on Sterilization and Abortion, established by Adele Faccio and Emma Bonino in 1974, promoter of clandestine abortions first and then of openly illegal ones. As a federate subject of the Radical Party, it played an essential role in the campaign for the legalization of abortion. Its leaders were subjected to sensations trials.

CISL. Federation of Italian Trade Unions. Catholic by inspiration (but with lay components), it was established in 1950 to counter the power of the CGIL, the communist-oriented labour union.

CLUB DI ROMA. International association of scientists, intellectuals and exponents of international economy, established in 1968 by A. Pecci with the purpose of analyzing the themes of development.

CO.RA. Radical Anti-Prohibitionist Coordination. Association established in 1989 by members of the Radical Party interested in the subject of drugs.

COBBLER. Code name, in U.S. documents, of the Italian person who was most involved in the Lockheed scandal. It is believed to refer to the President of the Republic Giovanni Leone.

COLOMBO EMILIO. (Potenza 1920). Italian politician, Christian Democrat, Minister of Treasury (1963-1970 and 1974-1976), Prime Minister (1970-1972), foreign minister after 1980.

COMISO. Village in Sicily, seat of an important NATO nuclear military base, whose missile installations have been the object of pacifist demonstrations; currently being dismantled.

COMMISSIONE INQUIRENTE. Formed by ten deputies and ten senators, it is called to judge upon acts of penal relevance committed by the President of the Republic or by Cabinet Ministers. Enjoys the same rights as magistrates do. Forwards to the Constitutional Court the proceedings of its inquiry for an impeachment or an acquittal. In 1977 and in 1986, the Radical Party promoted two referendums to abolish it. In the referendum held in 1989, the majority of Italian electors voted to abolish it. In 1989 it was replaced by the committee for prosecution formed by the board for authorizations to proceed of the Chamber and Senate.

COMPROMESSO STORICO. Political project pursued in particular by Enrico Berlinguer, secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), based on a cooperation between communists and catholics.

COMUNIONE E LIBERAZIONE. Lay ecclesiastic movement for the promotion of Christian values in society. Established by Don Giussani and initially popular among university students, it is one of the strongest lay Catholic movements in Italy. It controls newspapers, cooperatives and several kinds of economic initiatives. Movimento Popolare, an offspring of C. e L., has representatives in the Italian and European Parliament.

CONFAGRICOLTURA. General Federation of Italian Landowners.

CONFAPI. Italian Federation of Small and Medium Industries.

CONFARTIGIANATO. General Federation of Italian Artisans and Craftsmen.

CONFCOMMERCIO. General Federation of Italian Merchants and Shopkeepers.

CONFINDUSTRIA. Italian Manufacturers' Association.

CORRIERE DELLA SERA (IL). Daily newspaper established in Milan in 1876. Long considered the most authoritative Italian paper. Conservative.

COSA. Name used ironically sense to designate the project to change the name, the symbol and the program of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) during the period of transition after November 1989. In October 1990, the Secretary General, Achille Occhetto, proposed the name "Democratic Party of the Left" and the symbol of an oaktree to the central Committee.

COSSIGA FRANCESCO. (Sassari 1928). President of the Italian Republic from 1985 to 1992. Deputy since 1958, under secretary (1966) and Minister (1974). Minister of the Interior (1976-78) when Aldo Moro was kidnapped, he resigned when the dead body of the statesman was discovered. Prime Minister (1979-80). As President of the republic, during the second part of his term he actively promoted changes in the Italian Constitution, participating in fierce controversies with the majority of political exponents, and overcoming the limits laid down by the Constitution. For such reasons he was denounced by Marco Pannella in August 1991 for attempt on the Constitution.

COVELLI MARIO. (Bonito-Avellino 1899). Italian politician. President of the monarchist party, which at a certain point merged with the neo-fascists of G. Almirante's MSI. The monarchists then separated from the MSI, creating the movement of "National democracy", which had scarce success.

CRAXI BETTINO. (Milan 1934). Italian politician. Socialist, deputy since 1968. Appointed secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1976, he operated important changes in the party's phisiognomy, turning it into the core of a wide project of institutional and other reforms and of unity of the socialist forces.

CRESPI. Family of Italian entrepreneurs. Cristoforo Benigno (1833-1920) was among the pioneers of the cotton industry; Mario (1879-1962) was leader of the company that established "Il Corriere della Sera", the Milan-based paper which remained under the control of the family until Giulio Maria, who was forced to sell it.

CRISPI FRANCESCO. (Ribera 1818 - Naples 1901). Follower of Mazzini, he took part in the Sicilian revolution of 1848; in 1860 he was with Garibaldi in the expedition of the Thousand to free Sicily from the Bourbons. Member of the Italian Parliament as of 1861, Minister and prime minister (1887-91; 1893-96). An authoritarian, he promoted the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria and the Italian colonial expansion. He resigned after the defeat of Adua (1896).

CROCE BENEDETTO. (Pescasseroli 1866 - Naples 1952). Italian philosopher, historian and writer. After a short period in which he was attracted by the ideas of Marx, together with Giovanni Gentile he was responsible for the idealistic and Hegelian revival of the end of the past century. Antifascist, fundamentally a liberal-conservative, after the war he joined the Liberal Party and was part of one of the first governments formed after fascism. During fascism, he had a great influence on important sectors of the youth. As a philosopher, he has a claim to fame for his studies of aesthetics and logics as well as for his reform of Hegelian dialectic. Author of important historical works ("Storia d'Europa nel secolo XIX", "Storia d'Italia dal 1871 and 1915", etc), in which he supports the liberal development of Europe before the war, versus the "crisis" of post-war totalitarianisms.

CURCIO RENATO. (1941). Charismatic founder and leader of the Red Brigades. Sentenced to life imprisonment.

D'ANNUNZIO GABRIELE. (Pescara 1863 - Gardone 1938). Writer, greatest exponent of Italian decadentism. Fought in World War I, in 1919 he headed a paramilitary expedition on Fiume (Rijeka), which had been allotted to Yugoslavia. The mission was seen as a first beginning of the March on Rome.

D'ELIA SERGIO. (1952). Former leader of "Prima Linea", a terrorist organization of the Left, sentenced to 30 years of imprisonment, recently released. In 1986 he joined the Radical Party during the campaign for the achievement of 10.000 members, thus embracing the radicals' nonviolent theories. Has been active in the secretariat of the Radical Party as of 1987, and deals in particular with prison reform. Is currently organizing an association whose objective is that of granting the right to vote for convicts and the reform of the system of accessory penalties. Works at the project for the "New Party".

D'URSO GIOVANNI. Italian judge. Kidnapped by the Red Brigades on 12 December 1980. The kidnapping, which closely resembled that of Aldo Moro, stirred a vicious political and press controversy, during which some proposed the formation of a an "emergency" government formed by technicians alone. The Radical Party played an important role - thanks also to the action of the writer Leonardo Sciascia - in obtaining the judge's release and in opposing any authoritarian solution. The judge was released on 15 December 1981.

DAHRENDORF RALPH. (1929). German political analyst and philosopher, scholar of modern industrial societies, professor at the London School of Economics. One of the greatest living theorists of liberalism. Very popular in the Left, after the dissolution of Marxism.

DALLA CHIESA CARLO ALBERTO. (Saluzzo 1920 - Palermo 1982). General of the Carabinieri. Coordinator of the investigations on the "Red Brigades" as of 1978, appointed super-prefect of Palermo for the struggle against the mafia, was murdered together with his wife.

DE FELICE RENZO. Historian, the author of a huge biography of Benito Mussolini. Greatest exponent of the group of "revisionists" which means to attribute a different and better role to fascism in Italy.

DE GASPERI ALCIDE. (Pieve Tesino 1881 - Sella di Valsugana 1954). From Trentino, Catholic deputy at the Austrian Parliament in 1911. After World War I, the region passed to Italy, and De Gasperi became member of the Italian Party in 1921 in the Popular Party, which he was secretary of from 1923 to 1925. During fascism he worked in the Biblioteca Vaticana. He reorganized the Christian Democratic Party and became secretary of it in 1944. Prime Minister in 1945, signed the peace treaty of 1947. Once he obtained the confirmation of the Lateran Pacts, he managed to exclude the parties of the Left from the government, which assumed a stable centrist form.

DE MARCHI LUIGI. Writer, sociologist, one of the first to study the problems of sex in Italy. Translated the works of W. Reich, established and managed for a long period the A.I.E.D., Italian Association for Demographic Education.

DE MARTINO FRANCESCO. (Naples 1907). Historian, university professor, politician. Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) from 1964 to 1966 and from 1972 to 1967. Promoted the short-lived Unified Socialist Party (PSU) thanks to a merger with the Italian Social Democratic Party. Vice Prime Minister (1968-'72). After the electoral defeat of 1976, he was replaced by Bettino Craxi, in the famed meetings at the Hotel "Midas" in Rome.

DE MICHELIS GIANNI. (Venice 1940). Italian politician. Socialist, former representative of the group of the Left, member of the government as foreign minister. Enjoys great power in Venice, his home city, which he sponsored as seat of an international "Expo". Promoter of the idea of cultural and artistic property as a "mine" to be exploited intensely from an economic standpoint.

DE MITA CIRIACO. (Avellino 1928). Politician, Christian Democrat, deputy as of 1963. Minister on several occasions, secretary of the Christian Democratic Party in 1981 and Prime Minister in 1988, he was the protagonist of a vicious controversy with Craxi and the socialists and of attempts to "open" to the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Forced to resign by the conservative Christian Democrats, the so-called "dorotei", he has become President of the DC. Leader of the left-wing current.

DEMOCRAZIA CRISTIANA (DC). Italian Christian/Catholic party. Founded with this name after World War II, heir of the Popular Party, created after World War I by a Sicilian priest, Don Luigi Sturzo. After the elections of 1948, in the climate of the cold war, it became the party of relative majority, occasionally coming very close to obtaining the absolute majority. Key component of every cabinet, it has been detaining power uninterruptedly for half a century, strongly influencing the development of Italian society in a conservative sense. At the elections of 1992 for the first time it dropped below 30% of votes.

DICIANNOVISMO. Definition given to that cultural and social phenomenon which in 1919, after World War I, seemed to drive Italy toward revolution.

DIETROLOGIA. Neologism used mostly for the field of politics which means conspiracy hunting, tendency to develop conjectures. In the Italian situation, it is a popular and perhaps necessary art to understand the events.

DOLCI DANILO. (Sesana, Trieste 1924). Italian sociologist. Studied the phenomenon of the mafia, moving to one of the poor neighbourhoods of Palermo where he struggled, also with nonviolent methods, for the civil development of the area.

DOROTEI. A faction of the Italian Christian Democratic party. Born in 1959 during meetings held at the convent of S. Dorotea (hence the name), the group expresses the party's conservative and governmental "centre".

DUPUIS OLIVIER. (1958). Belgian conscientious objector, surrendered himself to the Belgian justice system and served an 11-month sentence in the prison of Saint Gilles. Worked at the French-speaking edition of "Radical News". Organized and participated in nonviolent and antitotalitarian demonstrations in the countries of Eastern Europe, and was for this reason expelled from Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Currently coordinates the party's activities in Rumania and Hungary. Works at the project on the "New Party".

EBOLI. Village in Southern Italy (South of Naples) which became famous because of a book by Carlo Levi ("Cristo si è fermato ad Eboli") where it is taken as symbol of the eternal immobility and backwardness of Southern Italy.

ECO UMBERTO. (Alessandria 1932). Semiologist and writer ("Il nome della rosa", "Il pendolo di Foucault", etc.).

ENI. National Hydrocarbon Corporation. Public holding established in 1953 to coordinate the Italian energy industry. With its subsidiary companies AGIP, SNAM, SAIPEM, ANIC, in 1980 it became the third greatest European industrial group. Its presidents Enrico Mattei and Eugenio Cefis were involved in Italian politics, occasionally with roles that went beyond their functions.

ERCOLI ERCOLE. Pseudonym adopted by Palmiro Togliatti (see note) during his period of clandestinity during fascism.

ESTATE ROMANA. At the end of the seventies, when Rome was administered by a left-wing council, the councillor for education, Renato Nicolini, devised a program of cultural summer events, to be held in the streets and squares of the city. The program was tremendously successful, with the name of "Estate romana".

FACCIO ADELE. (Pontebba 1920). Spearhead of pro-abortion campaigns. For the assertion of this right she was imprisoned but acquitted. President of the Radical Party in 1975-'76, radical deputy in 1976, 1979, 1983. Animal rights activist and environmentalist, promoter of the "Verdi Arcobaleno" ticket, on which she ran at the elections for the European Parliament in 1989.

FALLACI ORIANA. (1930). Controversial Italian journalist, correspondent in the Vietnam war, writer. Lives mostly in New York.

FAMIGLIA CRISTIANA. Catholic weekly magazine, established in 1931 by Father G. Alberione. Managed by priests, well-made from a journalistic standpoint, it detains an absolute record in sales and subscriptions in Italy, and has a strong influence on several circles and especially on practising families. An important cultural and editorial phenomenon.

FANFANI AMINTORE. (Arezzo 1908). Italian politician, professor of economic history, eminent personality of the Christian Democrat Party which he was secretary of from 1954 to 1959 and from 1973 to 1975. He gave a strong corporative impulse to the party with the use of public industry as a key element of economic development. Prime Minister (1958-'59; 1960-'62; 1982-'83), foreign minister on several occasions, president of the Senate from 1958 to 1973 and from 1976 to 1982.

FARINACCI ROBERTO. (1892 - 1945). Organizer of the fascist action squads of Cremona, secretary of the party from 1925 to 1926. Exponent of the extremist and most violent wing of fascism. He was killed by the partisans.

FELTRINELLI GIANGIACOMO. (Milan 1926 - Segrate 1972). Publisher, founder of the Feltinelli Institute for the history of the socialist movement. An extremist and advocate of Third World revolution, friend of Fidel Castro, he died while preparing a terrorist attack on a high voltage pylon.

FERRARA GIOVANNI. (Rome 1928). University professor, essayist, politician. Republican, former senator. Editorialist for "La Repubblica". Together with his brother Maurizio, the son of Mario Ferrara, lawyer, exponent of the most advanced Italian liberalism and radicalism between the wars.

FERRARA MAURIZIO. (Rome 1921). Brother of the above, exponent of the Italian Communist Party, deputy, etc. Author of an appraising biography of Palmiro Togliatti.

FERRI ENRICO. (San Benedetto Po 1856 - Rome 1929). Jurist and politician, socialist. Editor of "L'Avanti!" (1901-1905), supported fascism in 1924.

FIORELLI RENATO. Member of the Radical Party. Health operator, extremely active in antimilitarist campaigns, local councillor in Gorizia on the "Verdi Colomba" ticket.

FIORONI CARLO. Former member of Autonomia Operaia, a terrorist organization. Subsequently, as a "repentant", he cooperated with the justice system.

FO DARIO. (1926). Playwright and satirical actor, progressivist.

FOIBA. Natural ditches in the hinterland of Trieste, where dead bodies (presumably of communist and Slav partisans) were thrown at the end of World War II. "Infoibare" is used as a synonym of "assassinate" in the prevalently anticommunist political controversy.

FORATTINI GIORGIO. (Rome 1931). Satirical cartoonist.

FORLANI ARNALDO. (Pesaro 1925). Secretary of the Christian Democratic Party. Former minister and Prime Minister (1980-81). Considered a conservative centrist. Head of a small faction, the result of a schism from the group of Fanfani.

FORMICA RINO. (Bari 1927). Socialist, Minister of Finance (and minister on several occasions), former member of the parliamentary committee of inquiry on the P2 Masonic Lodge.

FORTEBRACCIO. (Melloni Mario). (S. Giorgio di Piano 1902 - Rome 1989). Journalist, political columnist for "L'Unità" (the daily newspaper of the Italian Communist Party).

FORTINI FRANCO. Pseudonym of Franco Lattes (Florence 1917). Italian poet, essayist and translator. For years, spearhead of a extremist theoretic Marxism. Today he might be called "radicalchic".

FORTUNA LORIS. (Breno 1924 - Udine 1985). Italian politician. In 1965, he sponsored the bill on divorce which was passed by Parliament after years of initiatives and campaigns carried out in cooperation with the Radical Party in 1970. He also sponsored bills on abortion and passive euthanasia (the latter was not approved). Minister of civil defence and community affairs.

FOSCOLO UGO. (Zante 1778 - Turnham Green/London 1827). Poet, greatest representative of Italian romanticism. Author of "I sepolcri", which draw inspiration from Ossian and E. Young.

FRANCESCO D'ASSISI, Saint (Assisi 1182 - 1226). Son of a merchant, Pietro di Bernardone and of Madonna Pica, as a young man he engaged in the arts of cavalry. In 1206 he converted to a life of rigid poverty, and tended the leper, creating a community of "brothers" which later became the Order of the minor monks of Saint Francis. He traveled East, messenger of peace for the liberation of the holy places, and was received by the Sultan of Egypt, Malik al-Kamil, while the crusaders besieged Damietta. He received the stigmata on Mount Verna in 1224. He is considered to be the author of several works, such as "Il Cantico delle Creature", and inspired the "Fioretti" of Saint Francis. Together with S. Caterina da Siena, who copied his life of poverty and who founded the order of the Clarisse, he is the patron of Italy.

FRANZONI GIOVANNI. Former abbey of the basilica of S.Paolo fuori le Mura, participated in the ecclesial renewal after the Second Vatican Council. After leaving the order he joined the communist party.

FREI MONTALVA EDUARDO (1911 - 1982). President of Chile (1964-70). Christian Democrat.

FRONTISMO. Policy which tends to achieve wide antifascist alliances between forces of the Left, starting with the communist party, which spread in Europe especially at the time of the Spanish civil war, with the so-called Popular Front (hence the name).

FUORI. Italian Revolutionary Homosexual Unitarian Front. The association, created in the mid seventies, played an important role in the campaigns for sexual emancipation. At the moment a similar role is carried out by the ARCI-Gay, from inside the institutions.

GALANTE GARRONE ALESSANDRO. Jurist, writer, historian, exponent of the "Independent Left". Writes for the Turin-based paper "La Stampa".

GALLI DELLA LOGGIA ERNESTO. Historian, university professor, journalist. Of Marxian formation, he then supported liberalism and ran at the elections of 1992 for the "Lista Referendum" ticket.

GARANTISMO. In the juridical regulation, principle according to which priority is given to the guaranties of the defendant and to the principles of freedom and of full respect of the law. In the Italian political debate it has become, especially during the years of terrorism, a (negative) characteristic of all those who opposed the introduction of "special laws".

GARIBALDI GIUSEPPE. (Nizza 1807 - Caprera 1882). Patriot, conspirator and revolutionary for the unity and independence of Italy. Fled to South America, where he struggled for the independence of Uruguay. In 1849 he participated, with Mazzini, in the defence of the Roman Republic from the French troops. In 1860, supported by Cavour, he embarked on the conquest of Sicily (Expedition of the Thousand) which subtracted Naples to the Bourbons and gave it over to the Savoia. He carried out attempts to free Rome from the Pope, which were unsuccessful. In 1870 he fought for France against Prussia. Deputy of the Italian parliament, he promoted the growth in Italy of democratic forces and of the International.

GELLI LICIO. (1919) head of the Masonic lodge P2 "Propaganda 2" which enrolled, in secret form, top personalities of Italian politics and administration, and which is held responsible for many of the obscure episodes related to the "strategy of tension" enacted to influence Italian life during the years of terrorism. Involved in a major scandal in 1981, he escaped abroad but was arrested in 1982. Currently awaiting trial, he is the keeper of many secrets and still detains part of his power.

GENTILE GIOVANNI. (Castelvetrano 1875 - Florence 1944). Italian philosopher. Together with Benedetto Croce he developed the theory of Hegelian neo-idealism, contributing to the Italian philosophical revival. He joined the fascist party and provided the regime with ideological bases. Detained important roles until the mid thirties. The mastermind of the reform of the schooling system. Was killed by the partisans during the Resistance.

GIANNINI GUGLIELMO. (Pozzuoli 1891 - Rome 1960). Italian playwright and journalist. In 1944 he founded the weekly "L'uomo qualunque" and immediately after "Il Fronte dell'uomo qualunque", a political movement which opposed the system of parties which ensued from the Resistance. After the parliamentary success of 1946, the movement declined rapidly.

GIOLITTI GIOVANNI. Mondovì 1842 - Cavour 1928). Liberal deputy, Prime Minister, almost uninterruptedly, from 1892 to 1911. Author of important reforms for industrial and social development. He favoured the growth of workers' and socialist movements, though he later reached an agreement with the conservative Catholics to oppose the rise of socialism, excluding divorce from his party's programs. Opposed Italy's participation in World War I. He underrated the growing fascist movement, convinced that he could reassimilate it.

GIUSTIZIA E LIBERTA'. Liberal-socialist antifascist movement, established in 1929 in Paris by exiled Italians (Carlo and Nello Rosselli, Alberto Cianca, Emilio Lussu, Gaetano Salvemini, etc). In 1942 it gave birth to the Partito d'Azione which called its partisan brigades "Giustizia e Libertà". It had a major influence in the development of the ideas of an advanced, lay, Anglo-Saxon democracy.

GLADIO. Name given to the clandestine military organization created in 1956 as the result of agreements between the Italian SIFAR and the U.S. CIA, with the objective of creating a network of military resistance to be activated in the event of occupation or "internal subversion", but which is suspected to have "deviated" toward illegal subversive and spying activities. In NATO the name of the organization, which is present also in other states, is STAY BEHIND. Its existence was revealed following investigations of the judiciary, involving the responsibility of important civil and military authorities, including the President of the Republic, Francesco Cossiga.

GOBETTI PIERO. (Turin 1901 - Paris 1926). Very young, he published a famous publication, "La Rivoluzione liberale" , starting a revision of liberalism with the aim of making it accessible to the labour world. In 1926, persecuted by the fascist regime, he migrated to France where he died. He is also the founder of the magazine "Il Baretti" and published the first collection of verse by Montale.

GRAMSCI ANTONIO. (Ales, Cagliari 1891 - Rome 1937). Italian thinker and politician, socialist at first, editor of "Ordine Nuovo" and promoter of the experiments on "factory councils", in 1921 he was among the founders of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which he was appointed secretary general of in 1924. Deputy, he was sentenced by the fascist regime to 20 years of prison, where he died. His "Quaderni dal carcere" represent an original contribution to the theoretic development of Marxism in a Western sense. He also founded "L'Unità", organ of the communist party.

GRANELLI LUIGI. (Lovere 1929). Christian Democratic deputy.

GRONCHI GIOVANNI. (Pontedera 1887 - Rome 1978). Italian politician. Catholic union leader, among the founders of the Popular Party in 1919 and, in 1943, of the Christian Democratic Party. President of the Chamber (1948-55) and of the Republic (1955-62). Of leftish and populist tendencies.

GROSSI TOMMASO. (1790 - 1853). Italian romantic novelist and poet. Contemporary of Alessandro Manzoni, whom he was a friend of.

GUARINI RUGGERO. Journalist, writer, translator.

GUELFI E GHIBELLINI. (from "Welfen", German ducal house of Bavaria, and "Waiblingen", castle of Schwaben), in Germany in the XXI century the followers respectively of the house of Bavaria and of Schwaben struggling for the imperial crown. In the centuries XIII-XIV, the two terms came to indicate the conflicting factions pro (ghibellini) and against (guelfi) the coronation of Frederich of Schwaben, Barbarossa, in 1255. The term was echoed in Italy, but changed meaning. The guelfi supported the political hegemony of the Pope. In struggles between communes and cities, the two names ultimately indicated factions struggling for local supremacy, with scarce reference to the initial conflicts between papacy and empire. Dante Alighieri is usually designated as the "ghibellin fuggiasco", expelled from Florence following intestine struggles in the city.

GUI LUIGI. (Padua 1914). Italian politician, Christian Democrat. Belonging to the group of the "Morotei", he was implicated in the Lockheed scandal as minister of defence at the time.

GUTTUSO RENATO. (Bagheria/Palermo 1912 - Rome 1987). Painter, exponent of the neorealist movement, member of the Italian Communist Party, celebrated for his works with a strong political and social inspiration.

HEINEMANN GUSTAV. (1899 - 1976). German, president of the RFA (1969-74), social democratic.

HUMANAE VITAE. Encyclical (1968) written by Pope Paul VI, relative to procreation. It absolutely rules out every form of contraception, and accepts only the Ogino-Knau method, consisting in abstention from intercourse during periods of fertility.

IL BORGHESE. Weekly magazine, established by the journalist Leo Longanesi; in time it has accentuated its right-wing tendencies.

IL MANIFESTO. Monthly magazine (and political movement) established in 1969 by exponents of the communist party (A. Natoli, R.Rossanda, L.Pinto, L.Magri, etc.) who were later expelled. In 1971, the magazine became a daily newspaper and supported communist formations not represented in Parliament.

IL MESSAGGERO. Rome-based daily magazine. Particularly popular in central Italy. Formerly belonged to the industrial family Perrone, then bought by the Montedison, passed under the control of the DC and the PSI.

IL MONDO. Political and cultural weekly magazine, established in Rome by Mario Pannunzio. For seventeen years it was the expression and the symbol of the best lay, liberal, radical and democratic Italian tradition. Most of its journalists participated in the foundation of the radical Party. Ceased publications in 1966, was taken over by Arrigo Benedetti in 1969. Subsequently became an economic magazine.

IL SECOLO (d'Italia). Rome daily newspaper established in 1952 by F.Turchi. It is the official organ of the Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI).

IL SECOLO XIX. Italian daily newspaper. Printed in Genua. Liberal conservative.

IL SECOLO. Milan daily newspaper, established in 1866 by E.Sonzogno. In 1927 it merged with "La Sera".

INGRAO PIETRO. (Lenola 1915). For many years chief exponent of the Italian Communist Party. After militating in the fascist university organizations, leader of the party's "Left", open to the so-called "dialogue with the Catholics" and to a grass roots conception of politics, perceived as struggle of the "masses" against capitalist exploitation on a world scale. President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1976 to 1979, at the time of the "compromesso storico" and of "national unity".

INPS. National Institute of Social Insurance. Established in 1933, it administers the pension funds of civil servants, the funds for self-employed workers, the insurance for family allowances, etc.

IRI. Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, constituted in 1933 with the objective of reorganizing the Italian industry. After the war, with its financial companies, its banks and operative boards it became the core of the Italian public industrial system.

ISOLOTTO. Name of a community of Catholics of Florence who, under the guidance of Don Mazzi, tend to non-hierarchic ecclesiastic experiences, going so far as supporting the campaign for the legalization of abortion.

JACOVIELLO ALBERTO. Journalist, first a communist and a correspondent from Moscow, then columnist for "La Repubblica".

JOTTI NILDE. (Reggio Emilia 1920). Exponent of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). The companion of P. Togliatti. President of the Chamber from 1979 to 1992.

KAPPLER ALBERT. High officer of the German headquarters in Rome, during the military occupation of the city (1943-44). Was responsible for the retaliations which followed the attempt of Via Rasella, ordering the shooting of three Italians for each German murdered. Sentenced, was imprisoned in an Italian prison, whence he managed to escaped in 1977. He died shortly after.

KREISKY BRUNO. (1911). Austrian politician. Foreign Minister (1959-66) and secretary of the Socialist Party (1967). Chancellor (1970).

L'AVANTI. Daily newspaper of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), established in Rome in 1896. Suppressed by fascism in 1926, it resumed its activity in 1944. Official organ of the Italian socialist Party.

L'ESPRESSO. Rome-based political and cultural weekly magazine, established in 1955 by Arrigo Benedetti, with a radical orientation. During the first years it carried out important moralization campaigns.

L'UNITA'. Daily newspaper of the PCI, Italian Communist Party (then of the PDS, Democratic Party of the Left), established in Turin in 1924 by Antonio Gramsci.

L.I.D. Italian League for Divorce. Established in 1965 by Marco Pannella, Mauro Mellini, Loris Fortuna (socialist deputy) and Antonio Baslini (liberal deputy); organized the forces which supported the introduction of the bill sponsored by the two parliamentarians, chiefly aiming at the energies of separated couples and those who needed to solve their family problems. It was instrumental in mobilizing the divorced and the militants who enabled the introduction of the bill in Italy. It was the first example, in Italy, of an association created on civil rights themes.

It is related to the Radical Party on a federate basis.

LA MALFA UGO. (Palermo 1903 - Rome 1979). Italian politician. Among the founders of the Partito d'Azione (1942), he then joined the Republican Party (1948), transforming it in an attempt to make it into a modern liberal party connected to the productive forces. He was secretary of it between 1965 and 1975, and then President. Former minister and deputy Prime Minister (1974-76). One of the fathers of the liberalization of trade after the war.

LA STAMPA. Liberal-conservative daily newspaper belonging to the FIAT, established in Turin in 1867.

LA VOCE REPUBBLICANA. Daily newspaper, organ of the Italian Republican Party, established 1921.

LAGORIO LELIO. Italian politician, socialist, minister of defence from 1980 to 1983, and of tourism from 1983 to 1986. As minister of defence has been attacked for unclarified political facts.

LAMA LUCIANO. (Gambettola, Forlì 1921). Communist, secretary of the CGIL as of 1970, then member of parliament and deputy president of the Chamber. Exponent of the right-wing current (the so-called "miglioristi").

LATERANO. Lateran Palace part of the Basilica of S. Giovanni. Seat of the Bishop of Rome. "Lateran Pacts", the Concordat signed in 1929 between Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri.

LAURO ACHILLE. (Pina di Sorrento 1887 - Naples 1982). Founder of the Lauro shipping lines, mayor of Naples (1951-54; 1956; 1958). Monarchist, known for the lobbyist systems with which he administered the city.

LEGA 13 MAGGIO. Association for the defence of lay values and the legalization of abortion. Loris Fortuna was among its promoters. Took its name from the date of the referendum which marked the final victory of divorce in Italy.

LEGGE COSSIGA. One of the emergency laws for the repression of terrorism, from the name of the Prime Minister who issued it in 1979.

LEGGE REALE. One of the emergency laws for the repression of terrorism, from the name of minister Oronzo Reale who sponsored it. (1975).

LEGGE SCELBA. Law that bears the name of Minister Scelba, its sponsor, which forbids the reconstitution of the fascist party. Issued in 1952.

LEOLUCA ORLANDO. Italian politician. Mayor of Palermo in the wake of the popular revolt against the mafia. Extremely popular in Palermo, he is the founder of "La Rete", a movement which aims to achieve a regeneration of Italian politics. The movement is represented in Parliament as of the elections of April 1992, with 2% of votes.

LEONE GIOVANNI. (Naples 1908). Prime Minister (1963-'68), then of the Republic (1971-'78), was forced to resign after being implicated in the Lockheed scandal, following the referendum on public funds to parties, promoted by the Radical party.

LEVI ARRIGO. (1926).

Italian journalist, editor of "La Stampa" (1973-1978).

LEVI MONTALCINI RITA. (Turin 1909). Italian neurobiologist. Author of researches on the growth factor of nervous cells, winner of the Nobel Prize in 1986. Member of the Radical Party since 1987.

LIA. International Antiprohibitionist League (on drugs).

LOC. League for Conscientious objection.

LOCKHEED. Name of a U.S. industry of military aircraft, involved in a scandal of bribes paid to Italian (and Japanese) politicians to make them favour the supply of Hercules C-130 transport aircraft to the Italian air force. Among the persons involved in the affair, the social democrat Mario Tanassi, minister of defence, and the President of the Republic, Giovanni Leone.

LOMBARDI RICCARDO. (Regalbuto 1901 - 1984). Italian politician. Among the founders of the Partito d'Azione, later joined the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), which he became president of in 1980.

LOMBROSO CESARE. (Verona 1835 - Turin 1909). Psychiatrist, professor of criminal anthropology, discipline which he promoted in a markedly positivist sense, and according to which the cause of the criminal personality are determined by somatic or social taints or anomalies. His approach, now obsolete, freed the science of crime from the fideist heritage, according to which crime is a sign of divine curse.

LONGO PIETRO. (Rome 1935). Italian politician, secretary of the Italian Social Democratic Party (PSDI) since 1978, was forced to leave politics and his role after being implicated in major scandals.

LONGO LUIGI. (Fubine 1900 - Rome 1980). Italian politician. Communist, inspector of the international brigades during the Spanish civil war (1936-39), he then formed the Garibaldi partisan brigades in 1943. Successor of Palmiro Togliatti as secretary of the PCI (Italian Communist Party) (1964-72), which he was also president of.

LOTTA CONTINUA. One of the most important and widespread political movements of the extreme left, established in 1969 in Turin. In 1971 it created the homonymous newspaper, which became immediately popular. It detached the extraparliamentary Left from the laborite prejudicial, penetrating the youth and students' milieu, the conscripts, the prisons, etc. Its chief leader was the journalist and writer Adriano Sofri.

MACCIOCCHI M.A. Progressivist intellectual, elected member of the European Parliament on the Radical Party ticket in 1977. Lives and teaches in France.

MAGNAGO SYLVIUS. (Merano 1914). For decades, the absolute leader of the Südtiroler Volkspartei, a strongly nationalist party which upholds the rights of the German-speaking minority in Südtirol-Alto Adige, the region which was incorporated into Italy after World War I.

MALAGODI GIOVANNI. (London 1904 - Rome 1991). Secretary of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI) from 1954 to 1972. Conservative.

MALFATTI FRANCO MARIA. (Rome 1927 - Rome 1991). Italian politician, exponent of the Christian Democratic Party. Former minister.

MANCINI GIACOMO. (Cosenza 1916). Italian politician. Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) (1970.1972), minister. He tried to detach the PSI from the frontist subjection.

MANZONI ALESSANDRO. (Milan 1785 - 1873). Greatest writer of Italian Romanticism, author of several works, including the novel "I Promessi Sposi", one of the masterpieces of European 18th century literature. A Catholic with strong Jansenist tendencies, open to the liberal experiences which he assimilated during his stay in Paris, where he was a guest in the most advanced circles.

MARAMALDO FABRIZIO. Mercenary leader at the service of the Spanish imperials in the mid 16th century. Famous for the sentence addressed to him by the Florentine officer Francesco Ferrucci when, seriously wounded, Maramaldo inflicted the lethal blow: "coward, you're killing a dead man". "Maramaldo" is used in a pejorative sense to indicate a person who makes a useless and arrogant use of violence.

MARCINKUS PAUL. American cardinal, administrator of the "Vatican" bank, the IOR (Institute for Religious Works) which was involved in many Italian and international financial scandals, including the one of the Banco Ambrosiano. Ironically called the "banker of God".

MARINETTI FILIPPO TOMMASO. (Alessandria of Egypt 1876 - Bellagio 1944). Writer, founder of the Futurist movement.

MASI GIORGIANA. On 12 May 1977, in Rome, the police charged the thousands of participants in a nonviolent demonstration organized by the Radical Party, called to collect signatures on the "eight referendums" promoted on fundamental themes (abrogation of the Concordat, restrictive norms of the penal code, law on mental hospitals, public funding of parties, parliamentary committee of inquiry on offences committed by ministers, etc.). A young woman, Giorgiana Masi, was killed by gunshots, and other demonstrators were wounded. The Radical party showed pictures and tapes which show policemen shooting point-blank and others which portray armed plainclothes policemen in the crowd, denouncing the deliberate attempt to cause a massacre.

MATTEI ENRICO. (Acqualagna 1906 - Bascapé 1962). President of the ENI (National Hydrocarbon Corporation) as of 1953, he extended its activity, jeopardizing the powers of the so-called "seven sisters", the seven greatest oil companies, trying to establish direct contacts with the oil-producing countries, Iran in particular. He died in a plane crash, the causes of which have remained mysterious. He had reached power by heading Catholic partisan formations during the Resistance, which he then used as a force to maneuvre politically. Those partisan group were the origin of the first nucleuses of "Gladio".

MELEGA GIANLUIGI. (Milan 1935). Journalist, editor of "L'Europeo", head of the political section of "L'Espresso". He was fired by "L'Europeo" for his inquiries on Vatican property speculation in Rome. With his press campaign on the Lockheed scandal, he contributed to forcing the President of the Republic Giovanni Leone to resign.

METROPOLI. Publication of the extreme Left during the '70s.

MLD. Women's Liberation Movement.

MLS. Movement of working students.

MODUGNO DOMENICO. (Polignano a Mare 1928). Singer. Radical deputy, belongs to the European Environmentalist Federalist Group (10th legislature). With his fame he contributed to the campaign for the achievement of 10.000 members to the Radical Party of 1986. In Parliament he has struggled for the solution of problems relative to public health and mental hospitals.

MOLLET GUY. (1905 - 1975). French politician. Secretary of the Socialist Party (SFIO) from 1946 to 1968, Prime Minister (1956-57), together with the Englishman A. Eden he prepared the unsuccessful attack on Egypt of 1956, the so-called "Suez crisis".

MONDOPERAIO. Theoretic publication of the Italian Socialist Party.

MONTANELLI GIUSEPPE. (Fucecchio 1813 - 1862). Writer, politician. Headed the Tuscan volunteers during the first war of independence (1848), then Prime Minister of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1848-49). Exiled in France, influenced by Proudhon, he advocated a federalist solution of the Italian problem.

MONTANELLI INDRO. (Fucecchio 1909). Italian journalist and writer. Known for his correspondences from Hungary in 1956. After writing for "Il Corriere della Sera", he left this newspaper in 1974, because he no longer agreed on its orientation, and founded "Il Giornale Nuovo", which he is since the respected editor of. Author of successful books.

MONTECITORIO. Square in Rome, seat of the Chamber of Deputies. In a wider sense it Indicates the Chamber itself.

MONTI ATTILIO. (1906). Italian manufacturer. In the '60s he played an important role in the oligopoly of oil and sugar refinement. Owner of newspapers, such as "Il Resto del Carlino" and "La Nazione".

MORANTE ELSA. (Rome 1912 - 1985). Italian writer. "Menzogna e sortilegio" (1948), "L'isola di Arturo" (1957), "La Storia" (1974). First wife of Alberto Moravia.

MORO ALDO. (Maglie 1916 - Rome 1978). Italian politician. Secretary of the Christian Democratic Party (1959-65), mastermind of the Centre-Left policy. Several times minister as of 1956, Prime Minister (1963-68, 1974-76) president of the Christian Democratic Party as of 1956, he favoured the participation of the Communist Party (PCI) in the government, outlining the hypothesis of a so-called "third stage" (after those of "centrism" and "centre-left") of the political system. He was kidnapped by the Red Brigades on 16 March 1978 in Rome and found dead on 9 May of the same year.

MOVIMENTO SOCIALE ITALIANO. Party founded in 1946 by former fascists, active in particular during the Repubblica Sociale Italiana which opposed the allied forces and the legitimate government, cooperating with the Germans (1943-1945). In 1972 it merged with the Party of Monarchic Union (PDIUM), and changed its name into MSI-Destra Nazionale: Secretaries: Giorgio Almirante (1946-50 and as of 1969), A. De Marsanich (1950-1954), A. Michelini (1954-1969), Pino Rauti and currently Gianfranco Fini.

MUCCIOLI VINCENZO. Promoter, administrator of the Community of S. Patrignano, one of the most important Italian experiences for the rehabilitation of drug addicts. The community is considered a model for the prohibitionists, and enjoys important protections, funds, etc. Spearhead of the Italian prohibitionist front, strongly supported Craxi at the time in which he sponsored his bill.

MURRI ROMOLO. (Monte San Pietrangeli 1870 - Rome 1944). Italian priest and politician. Advocated an active participation of the Catholics in political and social life - who, following the Pope's "non expedit", issued after the annexation of Rome to Italy (1870), could not take part in the political life - animated the movement of the "Christian democracy" and was for this reason opposed by the ecclesiastic authority along with the "modernist" tendencies which started to emerge in Catholicism during that period. Elected deputy with the support of the socialists, he was excommunicated in 1909. He joined the radical party of the time and lastly supported fascism. One of the most important political and intellectuals figures of the time.

MUSSOLINI BENITO. (Predappio 1883 - Giulino di Mezzegra 1945). Socialist at first, editor of "L'Avanti!" (1912-14). An interventionist, he was expelled from the Socialist Party and established the weekly "Il Popolo d'Italia" and, after the war, the Fasci di Combattimento. After 1925 he suppressed political and constitutional liberties. In 1939 he allied with Nazi Germany, and caused an unprepared Italy to intervene in the war. On 24-25 July 1943 he was condemned by the Grand Council of fascism, and the king Vittorio Emanuele had him arrested. Released by the Germans, he created the Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Arrested by the partisans, he was executed by the latter.

NAP. Nuclei Armati Proletari, terrorist formation of the extreme Left.

NAR. Nuclei Azione Rivoluzionaria. Organization of the extreme Right.

NARIA GIULIANO. Suspected of being a member of the terrorist organization of the extreme Left "Red Brigades", he was arrested and later acquitted for the murder of the procurator of the Republic of Genua, Coco.

NATHAN ERNESTO. (London 1845 - Rome 1921 - assumed Italian citizenship in 1888). Politician, at the beginning of the century he headed a lay and reformist coalition to conquer the local administration of Rome, until then controlled by exponents of land speculation linked to the most reactionary and clerical forces. As mayor of Rome (from 25 November 1907 to 4 December 1913) he achieved major social reforms of the Roman local administration. A Jew and member of the Masonry, Nathan represented a never forgotten nightmare for Roman reactionary forces. In 1989 Marco Pannella launched a project called "Lista Nathan" for the administrative elections which he proposed to the lay forces of the Left. The proposal was not accepted.

NATTA ALESSANDRO. (Imperia 1918). Exponent and deputy of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). He became secretary of the PCI after the death of Berlinguer, but left active politics after the "turnabout" carried out by the current secretary Achille Occhetto, who interrupted the continuity with Marxism and transformed the PCI into PDS. He studied at the "Scuola Normale" of Pisa, in the cultural milieu of the time.

NEGRI GIOVANNI. (Turin 1957). Secretary of the Radical Party from 1985 to 1987; in 1986, with the slogan "either you choose it or you dissolve it", he promoted the campaign for the achievement of 10.000 new members. Several times deputy since 1983, and member of the European Parliament. Among the most active supporters of the campaign on world hunger and promoter of initiatives for the freedom of Tibet. Among the founders of the ARCOD (Radical Association for the Democratic Constituent Assembly) and of the "Lista referendaria", electoral ticket at the elections of 1992.

NEGRI TONI. (Padua 1933). Italian writer and philosopher, exponent of the laborite and revolutionary extreme Left, was convicted as the architect of the assassination of ing. Saronio. Ran on the Radical Party ticket (provided he waive his parliamentary immunity and accepted the trial), he was elected member of Parliament in 1983. He escaped his trial by fleeing clandestinely to France, where he currently lives.

NENNI PIETRO. (Faenza 1891 - 1980). Italian politician. At first republican, as of 1921 socialist. Editor of the party's newspaper, "L'Avanti!", exiled in France, in 1930 he masterminded the reunification of the socialist movements, and in 1934 the pact of unity of action with the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Secretary of the PSI in 1943 and from 1949 to 1964, deputy Prime Minister (1945), and Foreign Minister (1946-47). He organized the organic agreement with the PCI, and suffered the electoral defeat of 1948. Lenin Prize for Peace, he gradually took an independent position, and in the '60s struggled for a government of centre-left with the DC (Christian Democratic Party); with the centre-left he was deputy Prime Minister (1963-68) and foreign minister (1968-69). Senator for life in 1970.

NEOGUELFISMO. Political movement of the Risorgimento, which cemented the cause of Italian independence with the political primacy of the Pope. It proposed a federative type of unity headed by the Pope. It obtained its greatest success in 1848, with the reformist attempt of Pius IX, soon aborted.

NOTARNICOLA SANTE. Responsible for the murder of several people, sentenced to heavy penalties, he engaged in politics in prison, supporter of the NAP (Nuclei Armati Proletari).

OCCHETTO ACHILLE. (Turin 1936). Italian politician. At first exponent of Ingrao's group, he then shifted to Berlinguer's centre. He became secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1988, succeeding Alessandro Natta. After launching the idea of a major "Constituent" of the left with all reformist forces, he then decided to change only the name of the party ("Democratic Party of the Left").

ONMI. Opera Nazionale Maternità e Infanzia. State institute established at the time of fascism, for mother and child welfare. After the war it became, until its dissolution, the feud of the Chrsitian Democratic Party implicated in scandals for its lobbyist management. In particular, the political and press campaign conducted by the Radical party in the mid '60s on the corruption of the Roman section of the institute, which involved the then mayor of Rome Amerigo Petrucci.

ORIANI ALFREDO. (Faenza 1852 - Casola Valsenio 1909). Writer, author of novels set in a passional, decadent atmosphere. Outstanding political essayist, he denounced the political life of his time with irrationalist tones which foreshadowed some of the formulas used by Mussolini, who held Oriani in great consideration.

OSIMO. Site in Istria, whence the name of the "Treaty" signed in 1976 to settle the controversies between Italy and Yugoslavia since the end of World War II. The treaty was challenged by the radicals in its economic part, which provided for the constitution of an "industrial free zone" in the Carso.

OTTONE PIERO. (1924). Italian journalist. Editor of "Il Secolo XIX" from 1968 to 1972 and of the "Corriere della Sera", which he gave a more liberal line, from 1972 to 1977.

OTTONI SANDRO. Italian total conscientious objector. Arrested during the 1984 Congress of the Radical Party and imprisoned in the military prison of Peschiera. As of 1988 member of the secretariat with Stanzani, he deals with the Yugoslav situation. Works at the project on the "New Party".

P.S. "Public Security". A synonym of "State Police".

P2. Name of a masonic lodge, whose members were covered by secrecy. Headed by Licio Gelli. Believed to be the organization which masterminded obscure political schemes and administered huge financial scandals. Dissolved in 1981 following a decision of the government. Its members practically all suffered a long political and social quarantine.

P38. Name of the automatic gun largely used by the terrorists and the violent extraparliamentary groups during the years of terrorism. Now indicates the entire culture of violence.

PACCIARDI RANDOLFO. (Giuncarico 1899 - Rome 1991). Italian politician. Member of the Republican Party since his youth, antifascist, among the most prestigious heads of the Italian volunteers on the republican front during the Spanish civil war. Back in Italy, he became secretary of the party from 1946 to 1948. Defence Minister between 1948 and 1953, in 1964 he was replaced by Ugo La Malfa at the head of the party and created the "Movement for the New Republic", which aimed to the institution of a presidential republic in Italy.

PAESE SERA. Rome-based daily paper, established 1950, subsequently shifted to the communist area. Its publication has been discontinuous and is currently in a deep crisis.

PAGLIUCA (Suor). A nun who managed institutes for abandoned children connected to the clerical subgovernment of Rome. Was denounced for abuse of minors, etc. Known as the symbol of a certain type of social welfare typical of the Christian Democratic Italy of the '60s.

PAJETTA GIANCARLO. (Turin 1911 - Rome 1990). Italian politician. Arrested when he was very young, was imprisoned for a long period in the fascist prisons. Chief exponent of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), deputy of the Constituent and of all legislatures.

PANEBIANCO ANGELO. (1948). Structuralist political analyst, studied with Professor Sartori in the United States. Professor of Political Science at the University of Bologna. Co-author of "I nuovo radicali". Editorialist for "Il Corriere della Sera". Former member of the Radical Party.

PANNELLA MARCO. Pannella Giacinto, known as Marco. (Teramo 1930). Currently President of the Radical Party's Federal Council, which he is one of the founders of. At twenty national university representative of the Liberal Party, at twenty-two President of the UGI, the union of lay university students, at twenty-three President of the UNURI, national union of Italian university students. At twenty-four he advocates, in the context of the students' movement and of the Liberal party, the foundation of the new radical party, which arises in 1954 following the confluence of prestigious intellectuals and minor democratic political groups. He is active in the party, except for a period (1960-1963) in which he is correspondent for "Il Giorno" in Paris, where he established contacts with the Algerian resistance. Back in Italy, he commits himself to the reconstruction of the radical Party, dissolved by its leadership following the advent of the centre-left. Under his indisputable leadership, the party succeeds in prom

oting (and winning) relevant civil rights battles, working for the introduction of divorce, conscientious objection, important reforms of family law, etc, in Italy. He struggles for the abrogation of the Concordat between Church and State. Arrested in Sofia in 1968 as he is demonstrating in defence of Czechoslovakia, which has been invaded by Stalin. He opens the party to the newly-born homosexual organizations (FUORI), promotes the formation of the first environmentalist groups. The new radical party organizes difficult campaigns, proposing several referendums (about twenty throughout the years) for the moralization of the country and of politics, against public funds to the parties, against nuclear plants, etc., but in particular for a deep renewal of the administration of justice. Because of these battles, all carried out with strictly nonviolent methods according to the Gandhian model - but Pannella's Gandhi is neither a mystic nor an ideologue; rather, an intransigent and yet flexible politician - he ha

s been through trials which he has for the most part won. As of 1976, year in which he first runs for Parliament, he is always elected at the Chamber of Deputies, twice at the Senate, twice at the European Parliament. Several times candidates and local councillor in Rome, Naples, Trieste, Catania, where he carried out exemplary and demonstrative campaigns and initiatives. Whenever necessary, he has resorted to the weapon of the hunger strike, not only in Italy but also in Europe, in particular during the major campaign against world hunger, for which he mobilized one hundred Nobel laureates and preeminent personalities in the fields of science and culture in order to obtain a radical change in the management of the funds allotted to developing countries. On 30 September 1981 he obtains at the European parliament the passage of a resolution in this sense, and after it several other similar laws in the Italian and Belgian Parliament. In January 1987 he runs for President of the European Parliament, obtaining 6

1 votes. Currently, as the radical party has pledged to no longer compete with its own lists in national elections, he is striving for the creation of a "transnational" cross-party, in view of a federal development of the United States of Europe and with the objective of promoting civil rights throughout the world.

PANNUNZIO MARIO. (Lucca 1910 - Rome 1968). Italian journalist, liberal. Editor of the daily newspaper "Risorgimento Liberale" between 1943 and 1947, he then established (1949) the newsmagazine "Il Mondo", which he was editor of for seventeen years, making into an unchallenged example of modern European journalism. Member of the Italian Liberal party, he was one of the founders of the Radical party, which he contributed to dissolving when the centre-left was formed.

PANORAMA. Italian political and cultural newsmagazine, established 1962 in Milan. Belongs to the Mondadori group.

PARRI FERRUCCIO. (Pinerolo 1890 - Rome 1981). Italian politician. Antifascist, leader of the Partito d'Azione, played a key role in the Resistance, as head of the partisan forces under the name of "Maurizio". Prime Minister in the first government after the liberation, he was overthrown in 1945 to make place for De Gasperi's Christian Democracy. Senator for life as of 1963, president of the parliamentary group of the Indepdent Left as of 1968. Editor of the political newsmagazine "L'Astrolabio".

PARTITO D'AZIONE. Italian political party established 1942 following the confluence of the liberalsocialist movements and of "Giustizia e Libertà". During the Resistance it played an important role, but was dissolved after the electoral defeat of 1946. Represented the last historical occasion to form a pragmatic type of party, reformist but non ideologized, strictly lay, etc. The name comes from the party of the followers of G. Mazzini (1853-1870), with a republican and revolutionary program.

PASOLINI PIERPAOLO. (Bologna 1922 - Rome 1975). Italian writer and director. Novels ("Ragazzi di vita", 1955; "Una vita violenta", 1959), verse ("Le ceneri di Gramsci", 1957, etc.), plays, cinema ("Accattone", 1961, "Il Vangelo secondo Matteo", 1964, etc.), but especially powerful polemist and moralist, he denounced the evils of the "bourgeoisie" and severely criticized the Italian Left for its shortcomings. Sympathizer of the Radical Party, on the subject of which he wrote some beautiful pages, the day after his death he was supposed to go to Florence to take part in a congress of the party.

PAVESE CESARE. (Santo Stefano Belbo 1908 - Turin 1950). Italian writer. Together with Vittorini he contributed to the circulation of American literature (translations from Melville, Dos Passos, Lewis, etc), author of novels and short stories, in a style which is somewhere between realism and lyrical symbolism. He suffered from neurosis and inability to communicate, and committed suicide, becoming a myth, half way between existentialism and commitment.

PDUP. Party of Proletarian Unity, established 1973 thanks to the merge of the communist group "Il Manifesto" with exponents of the PSIUP (which has also been born as a result of a schism from the PSI).

PECCEI AURELIO. (1908 - 1984). Outstanding industrial entrepreneur, brilliant intellectual. In 1968 he established the "Club di Roma", an international association of personalities connected to the industry but open to the themes of human development, on which it published periodical reports. One of these has laid the bases for the modern critique to the philosophy of controlled development which destroys resources.

PECCHIOLI UGO. (Turin 1925). Senator, exponent of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), Minister of the Interior in the shadow Cabinet. For a long period in charge of the issues relative to domestic politics, pointed out by the radicals as the responsible for many obscure affairs connected to the years of terrorism.

PELLA GIUSEPPE. (Valdengo 1902 - Rome 1981). Italian politician. Head of the government (1953-1954), president of the CECA (1954-56). Mobilized the army at the borders with Yugoslavia to create a pro-Italian solution of the issue of Trieste.

PERRONE ALESSANDRO. (1920-1980). Owner and editor of the Rome-based "Il Messaggero", editor of "Il Secolo XIX" until 1978.

PERTINI SANDRO. (Stella 1896 - Rome 1990). Italian politician. Socialist, was imprisoned and exiled during the fascist regime.. From 1943 to 1945 he participated in the Resistance. Secretary of the Socialist Party, deputy, president of the Chamber (1968-1976), President of the Republic (1978-1985).

PESENTI CARLO. (1907). Italian owner of a cement manufacturing industry.

PETEANO. Site in Friuli (Gorizia) where an attack was carried out in 1972 whereby three carabinieri were killed. High officers of the carabinieri and of the secret services were tried for having hindered the finding of the true responsibles of the carnage. The truth emerged only when the extremist of the Right Vincenzo Vinciguerra confessed to having carried out the attack with Carlo Ciccuttini and Ivano Boccaccio.

PETRUCCI AMERIGO. (Rome 1922). Mayor of Rome in 1964, arrested for administrative misdemeanours committed to create the public welfare network which were the source of the Christian Democracy's lobbyist fortunes. The allegations which sparked the trial were the result of a political and press campaign started by the Radical Party.

PIAZZA DEL GESU'. Square in Rome, seat of the Italian Christian Democratic Party (DC). It has come to mean the Christian Democracy itself.

PIAZZA FONTANA. In a bank sited in such square, on 12 December 1969 terrorist bombs were made to explode which killed 16 people. Simultaneously, other bombs were made to explode in Rome. At first scribed to the communist extremists and then to neo-fascist groups, the attempt sparked a long series of trials, which lead nowhere. Symbol of the so-called "strategy of tension" which meant to plunge Italy in a condition of perpetual crisis and prevent any shift of power to the left.

PIAZZALE LORETO. Square in Rome where, after the liberation of the city, the bodies of Benito Mussolini and his lover Claretta Petacci, shot by the partisans in Giulino di Mezzegra on Lake Como, were exposed and hung from the feet.

PICCOLI FLAMINIO. (Kirchbichl, Austria 1915). Italian politician. Secretary of the DC (1969; 1980-1982). Former president of the Chamber Foreign Affairs Committee.

PINELLI GIUSEPPE. Italian anarchist. Accused of the attempt on the Banca dell'Agricoltura in Milan, he died mysteriously, falling from a window of the Prefecture of Milan while he was being questioned (1969). The police commissioner Luigi Calabresi, who was killed in a terrorist attempt as a revenge of Pinelli's death, was accused of being the real responsible for his death.

PINTO MIMMO. (Portici, Naples 1948). Militant of Lotta Continua and leader of the movement of the unemployed in Naples, elected in parliament in 1979 on the radical party ticket.

PINTOR LUIGI. Exponent of the Italian Communist Party, which he left in 1969 to found the weekly magazine "Il Manifesto" which he was editor of for a long time, as a brilliant journalist.

PIOVRA. Name for the Sicilian mafia, for the characteristics of its all-embracing and suffocating power.

PNF. National Fascist Party established by B. Mussolini.

POLENTONE. Joking name with which the people from Southern Italy call the Northerner because of the large use of corn polenta as their main food.

POTERE OPERAIO. Italian political movement of the extreme Left, established 1966 and dissolved in 1973. Theorized the armed conquest of power.

PRATOLINI VASCO. (Florence 1913 - Rome 1991). Italian writer, populist-oriented.

PROMESSI SPOSI (I). The historical novel written by Alessandro Manzoni (Milan 1785-1873), considered a masterpiece of European literature.

PSIUP. Maximalist socialist party, result of a schism of the left-wing groups of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1964, and dissolved in 1972.

QUALUNQUISMO. Political movement founded in Italy immediately after World War II by the writer and playwright Guglielmo Giannini. Its name comes from the newspaper "L'Uomo Qualunque", established in 1944, the editor of which was Giannini himself. The movement developed especially in Southern Italy, coagulating masses of malcontent and underdevelopment which focussed their discontent on the political parties created after the war, which they viewed as faraway and distant, and on a fiscal pressure which was burdensome especially on the middle classes. After a brief period of development, the movement was dissolved. Italian political slang still uses the words "qualunquismo, qualunquista" to refer to a conservative attitude of protest, which does not accept the supremacy and the values of politics.

QUIRINALE. One of the seven hills of Rome, seat of the President of the Republic. As an extension "Quirinale" has come to mean the Presidency of the Republic itself.

QUISLING VIDKUN. (1887 - 1945). Norwegian politician. After the German invasion of 1940, he headed the pro-Nazi government from 1942 to 1945. After the liberation he was executed. The name eventually came to designate the category of "collaborationists" itself, who governed the respective countries occupied by Hitler.

RAI. Italian Radio and TV.

RE NUDO. Italian alternative magazine published during the years of the students' protest. The name comes from a famous short story.

REALE ORONZO. (Lecce 1902 - Rome 1988). One of the founders of the Partito d'Azione (1942), secretary of the republican party (1949-1964), deputy, minister of justice. The "Reale bill" is an emergency bill which attributed special powers to the police forces, introduced by Reale to defeat terrorism (1975). In the referendum of 1988 promoted by the Radical Party to abrogate the "Reale bill", 76% of voters declared themselves in favour of maintaining the law.

REGINA COELI. One of the titles of Mary, mother of Christ, "Queen of Heaven"; name of a Roman prison.

REGIONE ROSSA. Name given to one of the three regions of Italy (Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria) where the forces of the left, and in particular the communist party, detain the majority.

REGION. In Italy, territorial entity shaped on the ancient pre-unity state divisions, with a strong administrative autonomy. Some regions ("Autonomous Regions", Val d'Aosta, Sicily etc) have forms of self-government even for a number of more strictly political sectors.

REICH WILHELM. (1897 - 1957). Austrian psychoanalyst, dissident Freudian. His name is associated to the themes of the sexual revolution in the '60s.

RENDI ALOISIO. (1927 - 1979). University professor, writer, translator, among the founders of the radical party, wrote for "Agenzia Radicale", antimilitarist.

RENDI GIULIANO. (1927 - 1979). Brother of the above. Scholar, liberal and then radical militant, essayist. Among the founders of the Radical Party.

REPUBBLICA DI SALO'. The State (whose official name was "Repubblica Sociale Italiana") founded by Mussolini in 1944 on the territories of Italy controlled by the Nazis, in practice the Po Valley and part of Emilia and Tuscany. Salò was the town in Lombardia chosen as the capital of such state. Single party regime, the Republican Fascist Party. It meant to return fascism to its "social" origins. Ceased to exist on 21-IV-1945, with the Liberation of Milan.

REPUBBLICHINI. Name given contemptuously to the followers of Mussolini in the Repubblica di Salò.

RESISTANCE. Name which designates the popular, political and military struggle which developed in the regions of Europe occupied by the German Nazis during World War II.

RIBBENTROP JOACHIM von. (1893 - 1946). One of the closest collaborators of Hitler and German foreign minister, with Molotov signed the pact of non-aggression with the Soviet Union of 23-VIII-1939. Sentenced in Nürnberg, was hanged.

RIJEKA. Yugoslav name for Fiume in Istria. Assigned by the Pact of London of 1915 to Croatia (then Yugoslavia), in 1920 it was occupied with a voluntary corps by D'Annunzio, which governed it until it until the Treaty of Rapallo of the same year proclaimed it an independent State. In 1924 it was annexated to Italy, but in 1945 it was finally assigned to Yugoslavia, which it is the chief port of.

RINASCITA. Title of the Italian Communist Party's political weekly, established 1944 by Palmiro Togliatti for high-level Marxist theoretical research. With the opening of the debate on the party's change of name, the direction was given to Professor Alberto Asor Rosa, who opposed the change. Currently the publication is suspended.

RIPPA GIUSEPPE. (Naples 1950). Exponent of the radical party which in 1979 he was also secretary of. Left the party in 1982 and founded the radical federative Movement, which is very close to the Socialist Party.

RIZZOLI. Family of important publishers, with Angelo (Milan 1889-1970), founder in 1929 of the homonymous publishing house. Owner of "Il Corriere della Sera", then sold by his nephew, implicated in financial-political scandals connected to the P2.

ROCCO ALFREDO. (Naples 1875 - Rome 1935). Jurist and politician.

At first a radical, then joined the nationalists who then merged with the fascist party. Minister of Justice from 1925 to 1932, author of the penal code and of the codes of criminal procedure, issued between 1930 and 1931. Despite the strong fascist inspiration, the two codes have remained intact for many years even after the fall of fascism, and have only very recently been replaced by more modern Codes. A figure of extraordinary importance in the institutional history of contemporary Italy.

RODOTA' STEFANO. (Cosenza 1933). Jurist and politician. Carried out his education during the Italian student associationism of the '50s, among the founders of the radical party, was elected in Parliament in 1979 with the support of the Communist Party, becoming president of the Independent Left. Hence, appointed president of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), re-elected member of Parliament in 1992. Essayist, writes for "La Repubblica".

RONCHEY ALBERTO. (1926). Italian journalist. Correspondent from Moscow, then editor of "La Stampa" (1968-'73), currently authoritative columnist for "La Repubblica".

ROSSANA ROSSANDA. (Milan 1924). Journalist, former leader of the PCI, which she left in 1969 with the group that founded "Il Manifesto".

ROSSELLI CARLO. (Rome 1899 - Bagnoles de l'Orne, France 1937). Italian politician. An antifascist, together with Nenni he founded and directed the magazine "Quarto Stato" (1926). Exiled in Lipari (1927), whence he managed to escaped. In France he was among the founders of the movement "Giustizia e Libertà". In Spain he fought with the republicans in 1936. He was assassinated together with his brother historian by members of the cagoule at the order of the Italian secret services. Author of an outstanding work, "Socialismo liberale" (1928).

ROSSI ERNESTO. (Caserta 1897 - Rome 1967). Italian journalist and politician. Leader of "Giustizia e Libertà", in 1930 he was arrested by the fascist regime and remained in prison or exiled until the end of the war. Author, together with Spinelli, of the "Manifesto di Ventotene", and leader of the European Federalist Movement and of the battle for a united Europe. Among the founders of the Radical Party. Essayist and journalist, from "Il Mondo" he promoted vehement campaigns against clerical interference in the political life, against economic trusts, industrial and agrarian protectionism, private and public concentrations of power, etc. His articles were collected in famous books ("I padroni del vapore", etc). After the dissolution of the Radical Party in 1962, and the consequent split from the editor of "Il Mondo", M.Pannunzio, he founded "L'Astrolabio", whence he continued his polemics. In his last years he joined the "new" radical party, with which in 1967 he launched the "Anticlerical Year".

RUMOR MARIANO. (Vicenza 1915). Secretary of the Christian Democratic Party (1964-1969), Prime Minister (1968-69; 1969-70; 1970; 1973-74; 1974).

RUSCONI EDILIO. Italian publisher of right-wing magazines, books and newspapers.

RUTELLI FRANCESCO. (Rome 1954). Secretary of the Radical Party in 1981 and treasurer in 1984. Antimilitarist and conscientious objector, co-promoter of the IRDISP (Research Institute for Disarmament Development and Peace), member of Parliament since 1983, group chairman. Among the promoters of the "Verdi Arcobaleno" ticket at the European elections of 1987, member of the Coordination Group of the Green Federation, regional councillor in Campania and local councillor in Rome. Elected member of Parliament on the green ticket in 1992.

SACCO E VANZETTI. Nicola Sacco (Torremaggiore 1891 - Charlestown 1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (Villafalletto 1888 - Charlestown 1927), Italian workers who migrated to the United States, where they operated as anarchist agitators and propagandizers. Arrested without evidence charged with murder for robbery, they were sentenced to death. The execution took place in Charlestown in 1927, despite the international mobilization for them. Rehabilitated after World War II, they are the symbol of the American working and labour struggle in the '30s.

SACCUCCCI SANDRO. (Rome 1943). Italian neofascist, charged with manslaughter; elected member of Parliament for the MSI, he then fled to South America.

SACRA ROTA. The Court of the Sacred Rota, the supreme jurisdictional organ of the Church, which also handles divorce cases.

SALANDRA ANTONIO. (Troia 1853 - Rome 1931). Italian politician. Former minister, Prime Minister between 1914 and 1916. In May 1915, after having signed the Treaty of London, he made Italy enter the war. Strongly conservative and nationalist, he supported fascism.

SALERNO. City in Southern Italy, seat of the first landing of the Allies in Italy. From April 1944 to the liberation of Rome, seat of the government of General Badoglio.

SALVEMINI GAETANO. (Molfetta 1873 - Sorrento 1957). Italian historian and politician. Socialist since 1893, he founded the weekly "L'Unità", which soon became an important seat of debates. In 1925 in Florence, together with the Rosselli brothers, he founded the clandestine antifascist publication "Non mollare". Subsequently he fled abroad (to the U.S.), where he promoted antifascist information campaigns.

SAMARCANDA. City of Uzbekistan, seat of several historical events. Formerly a caravan stop. Ironically, the name of an important pro-communist and controversial TV program.

SANDRUCCI GIANNI. (1956). Former director of Radio Radicale, creator of the software for "Agorà telematica".

SANFEDISMO. Name given to the political activity of armed bands of farmers, vigorously promoted at the end of the 17th Century by Cardinal Ruffo in defence of the Santa Fede against the pro-French revolutionaries, and in particular against the Republic founded in Naples in 1799. Used to designate any reactionary, pro-clerical or pro-Pope political activity.

SANTILLO EMILIO. Italian police executive, in 1976 head of the antiterrorist Nucleuses.

SARAGAT GIUSEPPE. (Turin 1898 - Rome 1988). Socialist, exiled in Austria during fascism. Minister during the first Bonomi cabinet of 1944, president of the Constituent Assembly in 1946. In 1947 headed the schism of the right wing of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), founding the PSLI (Socialist Party of Italian Workers), then PSDI (Italian Social Democratic Party). Vice Prime Minister and President of the Republic from 1964 to 1971.

SCALA (LA). Lyrical theatre in Milan. In 1968, the students' movement staged a demonstration of protest against the luxury of the bourgeois who were watching a "première".

SCALFARO OSCAR LUIGI. (Novara 1918). Italian politician, Christian Democrat. Lawyer, former minister of transport, minister of artistic property, minister of the Interior. Man of great integrity, he enjoys the esteem of the laics as well.

SCIASCIA LEONARDO. (Racalmuto 1921 - Palermo 1990). Writer, author of well-known novels ("Le parrocchie dor Regalpetr", 1956; "Il giorno della civetta" 1961; Todo modo, 1974), but also known as a polemist, he took active part in the Italian civil life for at least twenty years. During one legislature (1979-1983) he was also radical member of Parliament, actively intervening in civil rights campaigns (Tortora case, etc.).

SECHI ALBERTO. Essayist, editorialist.

SEGNI ANTONIO. (Sassari 1891 - Rome 1972). Italian politician, Christian Democrat. Minister of Agriculture in 1946, he developed the agrarian reform of 1949. Prime Minister (1955-57 and 1959-60), then President of the Republic in 1962, he was forced to resign in 1964 because he was severely ill. He was thought to be the possible mastermind of an authoritarian coup to overthrow the first government of Centre-Left, which he considered too "progressivist".

SERRA MICHELE. Journalist, editor of "Cuore", at first a satirical insert of the daily newspaper of the Italian Communist Party, then independent weekly.

SEVESO. Industrial centre in the district of Milan, theatre, on 10-7-1976, of an industrial disaster which caused the pollution of vast neighbouring areas (Meda, Cesano Maderno, Desio, etc.).

SFORZA CARLO. (Montignoso 1972 - Rome 1952). Italian politician. Exponent of the Republican Party. In 1920, as foreign minister, he conducted the negotiations with Yugoslavia for the definition of the frontiers (Treaty of Rapallo). Exiled under the fascist regime. After returning to Italy he was foreign minister.

SID. Information service of the Defense Ministry. In 1977 it was replaced by the SISMI.

SIFAR. Information Service for the Italian Armed Forces, established in 1949 at the orders of the Defence Chief of Staff. In 1966 it was dissolved because of serious "deviations" and replaced with the SID (Defence Information Service), which was abolished in 1977 and replaced by the SISMI (Military Security Service).

SILLABO. Document issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864, a supplement of the Encyclical "Quanta Cura". It is a comprehensive list of philosophical, ethical and political mistakes - 80 to be precise - which are the result of the "freedom of cult, expression and press" and in general of the modern liberalism, which is radically condemned.

SILONE IGNAZIO. Pseudonym for Tranquilli Secondo. (Pescina dei Marsi 1900 - Geneva 1978). Writer. Among the founders of the Communist Party, which he left in 1930. Among his works: "Fontamara", "Pane e vino", "L'avventura di un povero cristiano".

SINDONA MICHELE. (Patti 1920 - Voghera 1986). Italian financier. Between 1969 and 1974 he created a financial empire. Implicated in obscure operations and compromised with sectors of the political circle, he had a first crisis, following which he fled to the United States. Implicated in a new crack, he was arrested and convicted. He died in mysterious circumstances in prison.

SOFRI ADRIANO. (1942). Leader of the Italian extraparliamentary movement "Lotta Continua". Journalist and writer. Tried and convicted to twenty years of prison as the presumed author of the assassination of police commissioner Calabresi. Lucid and disillusioned memorialist.

SOGNO EDGARDO. Courageous fighter of the Resistance, monarchist. Suspected of having organized a reactionary "coup" with the alleged implication of the Carabinieri.

SOLDATI MARIO. (Turin 1906). Writer and director.

SONNINO GIORGIO SIDNEY. (Pisa 1847 - Rome 1922). Baron, political conservative. Together with L.Franchetti author of a famous report on the situation in Sicily (1876). He opposed socialism and modern democracy, was an opponent of Giolitti, Prime Minister in 1906 and in 1909-10). Foreign Minister from 1915 to 1919, stipulated the Pact of London (1915) with the Entente.

SPADOLINI GIOVANNI. (Florence 1925). Italian historian and politician. Editor of "Il Resto del Carlino" (1955-68) and of "Il Corriere della Sera" (1968-72), Minister of Artistic Property (1974-76), secretary of the Italian Republican Party since 1979 and Prime Minister since 1981. Currently President of the Senate.

SPINELLI ALTIERO. ( Rome 1907 - 1982). Italian politician. During fascism, from 1929 to 1942, he was imprisoned as leader of the Italian Communist Youth. In 1942 co-author, with Ernesto Rossi, of the "Manifesto of Ventotene", which states that only a federal Europe can remove the return of fratricide wars in the European continent and give it back an international role. At the end of the war he founded, with Rossi, Eugenio Colorni and others, the European federalist Movement. After the crisis of the European Defence Community (1956), he became member of the European Commission, and followed the evolution of the Community structures. In 1979 he was elected member of the European Parliament on the ticket of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), becoming the directive mind in the realization of the draft treaty adopted by that parliament in 1984 and known as the "Spinelli Project".

STALLER ILONA (Elena Anna). (Budapest 1951). Best known as Cicciolina, porn actress, elected member of Parliament in 1987 on the radical party ticket.

STAME FEDERICO. Exponent of the extraparliamentary Left in the '60s. Political theorist and essayist.

STANDA. Chain of department stores, currently owned by S. Berlusconi.

STANZANI GHEDINI SERGIO AUGUSTO. (Bologna 1923). Exponent of the Italian Students Association in the '50s, among the founders of the Radical Party. Senator and member of Parliament, currently secretary of the Radical Party. Former IRI executive. Engineer.

STURZO LUIGI. (Caltagirone 1871 - Rome 1959). Priest, politician, founder, in 1919, of the Italian Popular Party, which he was secretary of until July 1923. Exiled since 1924, first in London and then in the United States. Back in Italy in 1946, in 1952, urged by Pius XII, he tried to create a centre-right electoral block which was unsuccessful.

SUDETES. Region of Czechoslovakia, formerly inhabited by strong German minorities, pretext, in 1939 of the Nazi aggression on Czechoslovakia.

TAMBRONI FERDINANDO. (Ascoli Piceno 1901 - Rome 1963). Christian Democrat. Exponent of the Catholic labour unions before the war, minister of the Interior from 1955 to 1959 and of Budget (1959-'60). Prime Minister, he was forced to resign in 1960 following a popular revolt broken out in Genua for having favoured the MSI, the political heir of the fascist regime.

TANASSI MARIO. (Ururi 1916). Secretary of the Italian Social Democratic Party (PSDI) since 1963; achieved the socialist unity, which later failed, becoming co-secretary of the Unified Socialist Party (PSU) from 1966 to 1969. Defence Minister (1968-69, 1970, 1970-72, 1973-74), he was convicted by the constitutional court for the Lockheed scandal (1979).

TARADASH MARCO. (Livorno 1950). Italian journalist. Promoter and leader of the antiprohibitionist movement, secretary of the CORA. Member of the European Parliament.

TASSAN-DIN BRUNO. Administrative director of the Rizzoli-Corriere della Sera (Milan daily newspaper) until 1981, when he was implicated in the financial and political scandal in which a fundamental role was played by the P2 secret masonic lodge, implicated in many obscure affairs.

TELEROMA 56 and CANALE 66. Private TV channels operating in the sphere of the Radical Party. Have a regional diffusion, in particular in Rome and in Latium, but are connected to the Rete Italia network.

TEODORI MASSIMO. (Force 1938). Italian member of Parliament and senator. Among the founders of the Italian Communist Party. Architecture graduate, professor of American history at the State University, at the John Hopkins University and at the LUISS. In Parliament he has focussed on the problems relative to the greatest political scandals. Expert in electoral techniques.

TERRONE. From "terra" (earth). Used disparagingly to designate the people from Southern Italy, mostly farmers. In opposition, "polentone" is the name given by the people of the South to the people of the North, because they eat corn polenta.

TERZA FORZA, TERZAFORZISMO. Expressions which designate the attempt, carried out between the mid '50s and the early '60s, to create, by merging lay and socialist forces and parties, a solid liberalsocialist political force, capable of opposing the communist and Christian Democratic poles.

TG. News programs broadcast by the RAI (State TV). TG1 is Christian Democratic, TG2 is Socialist, TG3 communist (currently PDS).

TIERNO GALVAN ENRIQUE. (Madrid 1918-1986). Professor of Law (University of Murcia and Salamanca), removed from his post in 1965 for his anti-Francoist activity. In 1968 he founded the Partido Socialista Interior, which in 1974 he transformed into Partido Socialista Popular, which then merged with the Partido Socialista Obrero Español, which he was appointed honorary president of. Mayor of Madrid. The "viejo profesor", as he ironically called himself, carried out important civic reforms, earning himself great respect and popularity.

TITO MICHELE. Italian journalist and writer. Editor, among others, of "La Stampa", in Turin.

TOGLIATTI PALMIRO. (Genua 1893 - Yalta 1964). In Turin he cooperated with A. Gramsci, among the founders of the Italian Communist Party, which he was secretary of from 1927 until his death. Exiled in Russia, he was member of the secretariat of the Comintern, and played an important role in Spain during the civil war. Back in Italy in 1944, he launched a "national" policy based on the fact of voting the Lateran pacts, clashing with the lay forces of the country. Member of government from 1944 to 1947, also as minister. After the elections of 1948, he monopolized the opposition's role, but he also favoured a "dialogue" with the Christian Democracy and the Catholic world, without ever breaking with the Vatican. His project of an "Italian way to socialism" did not achieve its fundamental objective, and on the contrary lead to a stalemate in the political system, preventing the Left from acquiring any "alternation" in power from the Christian Democratic Party.

TONIOLO GIUSEPPE. (Treviso 1845 - Pisa 1918). Head of the Italian modern Catholic sociology, cultural organizer, formulated a catholic-oriented social program which largely influenced the popular party first and then the Christian Democracy.

TORTORA ENZO. (Genua 1928 - Milan 1988). Journalist and popular TV compere, arrested for alleged drug dealing. Elected member of the European Parliament (1984) on the Radical Party ticket, he underwent a trial during which he was convicted and later acquitted at the appeal. The occasion and the symbol of the most important radical campaign for the reform of the justice system.

TRANSATLANTICO. Name given to a long corridor facing the Hall of the Chamber of Deputies, where members of parliament and journalists meet and discuss informally.

TRIBUNA POLITICA. Television program of the RAI devoted to political debates, especially during electoral periods.

TROMBADORI ANTONELLO. Roman communist exponent, member of Parliament, essayist and writer.

TURATI FILIPPO. (Canzo 1857 - Paris 1932). One of the founders of the Italian Socialist Party (1892). Prestigious and unquestioned figure, reformist and gradualist. Member of Parliament. Antifascist, confined and then exile in France in 1926.

UIL. Italian Labour Union. Socialist-oriented national labour union. The third numerically speaking after CGIL and CISL. Originally it used to be the union of smaller, less representative unions, then it gradually evolved, also intellectually. Its current secretary is Piero Larizza, who succeeded Giorgio Benvenuto.

USL. Unità Sanitaria Locale, the smallest administrative, operative and territorial unit which the national health service is divided into.

USTICA. On 26 June 1980, a civilian DC9 with 80 passengers on board was downed near the island of Ustica, in front of Sicily. The investigation - or rather, the many investigations - never shed light on the affair, nor did it find the authors of the accident. To date, it is unknown whether the DC9 was downed by a missile or whether it crashed following an explosion in the plane itself. The most likely suspicions support the thesis of a missile, but neither the Italian military air force nor the allied commands of the Mediterranean accept responsibility for the event. The head of the military secret services has stated, in front of the parliamentary committee of inquiry, that it was an "act of war", and that only a U.S. or French aircraft could have fired the missile. The head of the Italian police, on the contrary, has always maintained in front of the committee that it was an act of "international terrorism".

VALIANI LEO. (Fiume 1909). Writer, historian, politician. Leader of the Resistance, in 1943 among the founders and the key exponents of the Partito d'Azione. Writes for "Il Corriere della Sera" on historical subjects. Senator for life since 1980.

VALPREDA PIETRO. (1933). Dancer, anarchist militant, was accused together with his companions, of the terrorist attack at the Banca dell'Agricoltura of Milan in 1969, which caused 17 victims. Tried, was recognized innocent.

VANONI ENZO. (Morbegno 1903 - Rome 1956). Minister of Industry and Budget, promoted the fiscal reform of 1951, which introduced the single tax income return and the plan for development, employment and income known as Piano Vanoni, which was never applied.

VIA DI TORRE ARGENTINA. Street in Rome, seat of the Radical Party.

VIA MONTENEVOSO. Street in Milan where in 1978 a secret" cache" of the Red Brigades was found, containing documents relative to the kidnapping of Moro. In 1990, during a second search, more documents were found beneath a panel in the wall.

VIA RASELLA. Name of a central street in Rome, where a group of partisans organized on 23 March 1944 an attempt against a column of military vehicles of the German SS. 33 soldiers died during the attack, and as a consequence the German military command and the SS ordered a retaliation, whereby 350 Italian civilians and military were killed, many of which Jews.

VISENTINI BRUNO. (Treviso 1914). Economist, former president of the Olivetti company. Exponent of the Italian Republican Party, which he is president of since 1979, minister of industry (1974-76).

VITTORINI ELIO. (Siracusa 1908 - Milan 1966). Sicilian writer. Diffused the American literature in Italy in the '30s, with a famous anthology of 1942. Author of an acclaimed novel, "Uomini e no". Cultural organizer, after the war he founded the magazine "Il Politecnico". Entered a controversy with Togliatti, left the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and joined the Radical Party, becoming president after its schism, together with the group of the Radical Left headed by Pannella.

VU VUMPRA'. Distorted pronunciation of the Italian expression "Vuoi comprare?" (do you want to buy?), used by Third World street vendors, almost all clandestine.

ZACCONI ERMETE. (1857-1948). Famous stage actor.

ZANONE VALERIO. (Turin 1936). Exponent of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), which he was national secretary of for many years. Mayor of Turin.