by Lorenza PonzoneAPPENDIX
ABSTRACT: The conclusive appendix (from page 206 to page 220) includes, after a methodological remark, the following:
1) The list of Congresses, from the 3rd to the 25th, with the indication of the relative secretaries and treasurers.
2) The text of the Statute of 1967.
3) The text of the Statute of 1989.
4) A series of tables relative to the balances sheets and the profit and loss accounts from 1972 to 1989.
5) A series of tables relative to the results of elections and referendums from 1976 to 1987.
6) An iconographic insert relative to some of the exponents of the party.
7) A list of members from 1976 to 1987.
(Lorenza Ponzone, IL PARTITO RADICALE NELLA POLITICA ITALIANA, 1962-1989, Schena editore, gennaio 1993)
NOTICE
This "appendix" contains the original statute of the radical party which was approved in May 1967, and the statute that was modified during subsequent congresses and which remained in effect until the congress of Budapest in 1989. The various articles of this fundamental act have been taken and coordinated according to the texts of the various editions published throughout the years by the party.
The balance sheets published below are not homogeneous in the sequence and the presentation of the items. The reasons for this lack of uniformity lies in the fact that until 1981 the treasurers did not follow a standard scheme. The tables below, from 2 to 10, have been taken from a book by Massimo Gusso, »Il P.R.: organizzazione e leadership , Padova 1982, where the party's balance sheets are arranged according to a homogeneous model. For the period after 1982 we have chosen to copy the official balance acts, arranged according to accounting criteria, because this makes historically more enlightening.
As concerns the tables of the electoral results that are part of this appendix, please note that the source of the political elections of 1967 and 1987 is a publication by the Ministry of the Interior - Istituto Centrale di Statistica - »Elezioni della Camera dei Deputati e del Senato della Repubblica, Roma 1989 . The data on the European elections of 1979 and 1984 were taken from "Il Corriere della Sera" of June 14-15 and June 17, 1984.
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THE CONGRESSES OF THE RADICAL PARTY
SECRETARY TREASURER
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III 16/18 May 1967 BO G. Spadaccia A. Torelli
IV 3/5 Nov. 1967 FI G. Spadaccia A. Torelli
V 2/4 Nov. 1968 RA M. Mellini A. Bandinelli
VI 1/3 Nov. 1969 MI A. Bandinelli R. Cicciomessere
VII 9/10 May 1970 ROME A. Bandinelli R. Cicciomessere
VIII 1/3 Nov. 1970 NA R. CicciomessereM. Pannella
IX 14 Feb. 1971 MI R. CicciomessereM. Pannella
X 31 Oct./2 Nov. 1971 ROMA A. Bandinelli G. Ramadori
XI 1/3 Nov. 1972 TO A. Bandinelli G. Ramadori
XII 7/8 July 1973 ROMA A. Bandinelli G. Ramadori
XIII 1/3 Nov. 1973 VR 1st Secretary:
G. Ercolessi
Secretariat with treasury
functions: Ingargiola,
Della Rovere, Ramadori,
Parachini, Teodori,
Spadaccia, Torelli
XIV 1/4 Nov. 1974 MI G. Spadaccia Aghina, Baldassarri,
Pezzana, Ramadori,
Stanzani
XV 1/4 Nov. 1975 FI G. Spadaccia P. Vigevano
XVI 16/18 July 1976 ROME G. Spadaccia P. Vigevano
XVII 1/4 Nov. 1976 NA A. Aglietta P. Vigevano
XVIII 7/8 May 1977 ROME A. Aglietta P. Vigevano
XIX 29 Oct./1 Nov. 1977 BO A. Aglietta P. Vigevano
(Resigned July '78)
G. Rippa
(July '78 - Nov. '78)
XX 4/3 Nov. 1978 BA J. Fabre A. Aglietta
XXI 31 Mar./2 Apr. 1979 ROMA J. Fabre A. Aglietta
(Resigned July'79)
P. Vigevano
XXII 31 Oct./4 Nov. 1979 GE G. Rippa P. Vigevano
XXIII 7/9 Mar. 1980 ROME G. Rippa P. Vigevano
(Resigned July'80)
A. Pergameno
XXIV 31 Oct./4 Nov. 1980 ROME F. Rutelli A. Pergameno
XXV 5/7 June 1981 ROME F. Rutelli A. Pergameno
XXVI 1/3 Nov. 1981 FI M. Pannella M. Crivellini
XXVII 28 Oct./1 Nov. 1982 BO M. Pannella M. Crivellini
XXVIII 13/15 May. 1983 ROME M. Pannella M. Crivellini
XXIX 29 Oct./1 Nov. 1983 RIMINI R. Cicciomessere F. Rutelli
XXX 31 Oct./4 Nov. 1984 ROME G. Negri G. Calderisi
XXXI 30 Oct./3 Nov. 1985 FI G. Negri G. Calderisi
XXXII 29 Oct./2 Nov. 1986 ROME
(1st session) G.Negri G. Calderisi
XXXII 26 Feb./1 Mar. 1987 ROME
(2nd session) G.Negri G. Calderisi
XXXIII 25/26 Apr. 1987 ROME G. Negri G. Calderisi
XXXIV 2/6 Jan. 1988 BO S. Stanzani P. Vigevano
XXXV 22/26 Apr. 1989 BUDAPEST S. Stanzani P. Vigevano
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STATUTE OF THE RADICAL PARTY - 1967
1. THE PARTY
1.1. The Radical Party is a political body formed by the members of the party, the members of the non-radical associations adhering at the regional level, the radical associations, the regional radical parties, the associations or groups adhering at the regional level, the associations or groups adhering at the federal level.
The organs of the federal party are the congress, the federative council, the secretary and the committee, the treasurer, the board of auditors.
1.2. The party finances itself with the individual fees of its members, the fees of the associations adhering at the regional level under art. 3.3., the contributions of the associations adhering at the federal level, other individual contributions - including from individuals who have no associative bonds with the party - in relation to specific activities and initiatives, revenues from particular activities and initiatives preventively and publicly proposed by the secretary and the treasurer. The federal party is required to administer its financial resources by following book-keeping entries drafted with analytical criteria. Such criteria are proposed by the treasurer and approved by the federal council. The balance sheets of the federal party are public. The party does not allow salaried positions.
2. MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATIONS OF THE REGIONAL PARTIES
2.1. The members
2.1.1. Any person above 16 years of age, even if non-Italian, may join the radical party. The conditions for joining the party are accepting the present statute, paying the individual fees to the federal party in the measure established by the federal congress, and undertaking to adhere to or establish radical associations according to one's own individual political, cultural, labour or other interests. Memberships are accepted by the secretariat of the federal party directly, or through the radical associations or regional parties.
2.2. The radical associations
2.2.1. The radical associations are formed each by a minimum number of members established by the congress of the federal party, who associate to pursue political, cultural, labour or other purposes with a common territorial reference, and which are autonomously established and financed. They are governed by their own own democratic regulations, in the respect of the present statute. In carrying out its activities and initiatives, the radical associations are required to implement, as far as their competence goes and in the respect of the indications provided by the federal and regional executive organs, the binding deliberations established by the present statute and by that of the regional party they are federated to.
The regulations of the associations provide for the appointment of a person in charge of managing the funds, who will draft regular balance sheets according to the unified criteria established by the organs of the federal party.
2.2.2. If there is more than one radical association in the territory of a given municipality, a common representation will be established among them each time the purposes pursued transcend, by nature or scope, the range of action or of interests of the single associations. Namely, a special committee will be set up to allow the party to take part in municipal elections.
The same criteria will be used to form a committee among the associations of the same province - until these administrative organs are suppressed - to allow the party to take part in provincial elections.
The electoral agreements for the municipal elections in municipalities with more than 500,000 inhabitants are submitted to the federative council of the federal party, which reports to the congress.
The agreements for the other municipalities and the ones for the provincial elections are submitted to the federative council of the regional party.
2.3. The regional radical parties
2.3.1. The regional radical parties are political bodies that pursue autonomously decided and financed purposes, and are governed by their own democratic rules, in the respect of the present Statute. They are each formed by the federation of several radical associations, with an overall mimimum number of members which is decided by the congress of the federal party, and by non-radical associations and adhering groups that carry out their activity at the regional level. In carrying out its activities and initiatives, the regional parties are required to implement, according to the indications provided by the executive organs of the federal party, the binding deliberations contained at the end of the present statute. The adhesion of non-radical associations and groups at the regional level is approved by the federative council concerned, and is subject to the ratification of the regional congress. The territorial boundaries of each regional party are established by the federative council of the federal party a
nd, in the absence of different specific deliberations, coincides with the boundaries of the regions. The regulations of the regional radical parties are ratified by the congress of the federal party. They include, among the organs; the congress, the federative council, the secretary and the treasurer. The regional parties are required to administer their financial revenues by using book-keeping entries in conformity with the criteria established by the organs of the federal party.
2.3.2. The regional parties select and present the candidates for the regional elections as well as for the elections for the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate; the regional federative council reports to the regional congress on the electoral agreements for the provincial elections and for the elections in the municipalities with less than 500,000 inhabitants. The federal party reports to the congress of the federal party on the electoral agreements for the regional elections and for the elections for the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
3. ADHERING NON-RADICAL ASSOCIATIONS AND GROUPS
3.1. The non-radical associations and groups that pursue their own political, cultural, labour or other purposes may adhere, as such, to the radical party. The members or adherents of such associations and groups are not required to join the radical party. The period of adhesion may be limited and pre-established.
3.2. Adhesion occurs: a) at the federal level, on the basis of agreements between the directive organs of non-radical associations or groups that carry out their activity at the inter-regional level and the organs of the federal party. The agreements establish the amount and the conditions of payment of the financial contribution to the federal party on the part of the adhering association or group. Once the agreement has been approved, the adhering association or group acquires the right, throughout the period of adhesion, to appoint among its members or adherents one to three representatives as effective members of the federative council of the federal party; b) at the regional level, on the basis of similar agreements with non-radical associations or groups that carry out their activity at the regional level. The agreements define the amount and the conditions of payment of the financial contribution to the regional party by the adhering association or group, and establish the right for the latter to appo
int at least one effective representative in the federative council of the regional party.
3.3. The associations and groups adhering at the regional level participate with their own delegates in the congresses of the regional parties, according to the criteria and conditions established by the regulations of the regional party they adhere to. Moreover, they undertake to call elections among their members and adherents in order to send delegates at the congress of the party itself, for each voter, a sum corresponding to half that established for the members of the radical party. At such elections, the adherents that are members of the radical party enjoy the right to passive electorate but not to active electorate.
4. ORGANS OF THE FEDERAL PARTY
4.1. The Congress
4.1.1. It is the deliberative organ of the party, of which it establishes the guidelines and political address, deciding the specific objectives and specifying the fields of activity. The ordinary congress takes place yearly, during the first week of November, and must be called by the secretary of the federal party by September 30th; the extraordinary congress may be called by the secretary of the radical party, by the federative council of the federal party with the absolute majority of members, by one third of the members of the party of at least six months.
The congress is formed by the delegates of the radical associations and by the delegates of the non-radical associations and groups adhering to the regional parties. The federative council of the federal party establishes the ratio between the delegates and the members adhering to the radical associations; each radical association, however, has the right to send at least one delegate. The ratio between delegates and (voting) associates, members of the non-radical associations and groups adhering to the regional parties is set at half the previous one.
4.1.2. Deliberations adopted with a 3/4 majority are binding for the radical associations and for the regional radical parties; likewise, deliberations adopted with a simple majority are also binding if the federative council of the federal party has deliberated on them with a 2/3 majority.
4.1.3. The congress:
a) elects the secretary of the federal party; the secretary proposes a 7-member committee which is ratified by the congress;
b) elects a number of members of the federative council of the federal party corresponding to one third of the appointed regional secretaries;
c) elects the treasurer and the board of auditors;
d) approves the consolidates balance sheet submitted by the treasurer and approved by the auditors;
e) approves the single national electoral list with a 3/4 majority;
f) ratifies adhesions to the federal party by non-radical associations or groups proposed by the secretary and deliberated by the federative council.
4.2.11 Federative council
4.2.1. Is formed by the secretaries of the regional parties, the delegates of the non-radical associations and groups adhering at the federal level and the delegates elected at the congress. The secretary and the federal committee may participate in the congress without the right to vote. The secretary of the federal party chairs the meetings. The federative council meets at least three times a year.
4.2.2. The federative council:
a) Expresses its opinion on the initiatives to carry out the deliberations of the congress that have received a 3/4 majority;
expresses its opinion on the deliberations of the congress that have been approved with a simple majority; such opinion becomes binding if it is adopted with a 2/3 majority:
expresses its opinion on proposals rejected by the congress; in cases where such opinion is expressed unanimously, the federal organs are required to carry them out;
expresses its opinion on initiatives that have not been dealt with by the congress; in cases where the opinion is expressed with a 2/3 majority, the executive organs are required to carry them out; on the above matters it may also advance proposals and ask the executive to provide an account of their progress;
expresses its opinion on the initiatives pertaining to financial policy submitted by the treasurer;
b) coordinates the policy of the federal party with that of the regional party, expressing its opinion on the political initiatives of the latter and submitting possible initiatives to them;
c) expresses its opinion on the electoral agreements reached by the regional parties for the regional and political elections and on the agreements reached by the special committees for local elections in municipalities with more than 500,000 inhabitants;
d) deliberates with a simple majority on the adhesion of associations and groups adhering at the federal level;
e) approves the rules and the order of the day of the congress, examines the documentation relative to the control of powers;
f) guarantees the circulation of information within the party.
4.3. The secretary, the committee
4.3.1. The secretary is in charge of carrying out the policy of the federal party according to the directives established by the congress and the decisions of the federative council. The committee assists the secretary in carrying out his/her activities.
4.3.2. The secretary: provides the necessary guidelines to carry out the deliberations that are binding for the entire party to the executive organs of the regional parties; makes agreements with such organs to carry out the other initiatives it must accomplish; may ask the federative council to express its opinion on the accomplishment of the congress deliberations and of the opinions of the council itself; submits the deliberations passed by the congress with a less than 4/4 majority to the federative council; moreover, it submits the proposals rejected by the congress which it considers worthy of consideration and initiatives on which the party has not expressed itself to the federative council.
4.4. The treasurer
4.4.1. The treasurer administers the funds at the disposal of the federal party and is in charge managing them. The treasurer submits the financial policy initiatives to the committee and to the federative council, and may ask the federative council to express its opinion on any initiative for financial reasons.
4.5. The board of auditors
4.5.1. Is formed by three members appointed by the congress; it has powers of revision and accounting inspection; it approves the consolidated balance sheet and submits a financial report on the concluded administration to the congress.
5. ELECTIONS AND ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES
5.1. In all elections in which it participates with its own lists (district, provincial, regional, political), the party runs with the name "Radical Party". The elected representatives, throughout their representative activity, are not required to respect any mandate or discipline of any kind. Freedom of vote is not restricted by deliberations of the groups of elected representatives, which have a merely indicative value.
TRANSITORY RULES
The third congress of the radical party will provide to the direct election of the secretary of the party and of a 19-member direction on the basis of an open list containing all those who want to run as candidates. Each delegate may vote eleven names. The direction will be completed with the secretaries of the regional parties as they are progressively elected, and with representatives of the associations and groups adhering at the federal level. The tasks of the federative council will be carried out by the direction until the council itself is formed. Until the regional parties are formed, their tasks are carried out by the federal party. The federal council of the federal party is formed at the presence of at least ten secretaries of regional parties.
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STATUTE 1989
PREAMBLE (*) TO THE RADICAL PARTY'S STATUTE
The Radical Party
proclaims legality and the law, including the political legality and law of the Radical party, and proclaims that they represent the supreme source of legitimacy of the institutions, proclaims the right to non-cooperation, to conscientious objection, to the supreme forms of non-violent struggle in order to uphold life, legality and the law. It appeals to itself and anyone wishing to hope for life and peace, for justice and freedom, to the strict respect and the active defense of two fundamental documents such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man (expressing the hope that this be changed into "Rights of the Individual") and the European Convention on the Rights of Man, as well as the Constitutions of those States that respect the principles contained in the two charters; it upholds the right to disobey and deny legitimacy to anyone who violates them, fails to apply them or reduces them to pure declarations of principle, .e. non-laws. It declares that it confers the value of a historically absolute, supreme
law to the imperative "Do not kill", including cases of legitimate defense. Decides that henceforth and until the policy of starvation and war is defeated, as a sign of pity, human awareness and civil decency, the party's symbol will be corrected and "darkened" in sign of grief, in order to oppose it to the States' refusal to at least honour, with any official sign, the huge portion of humanity which has been exterminated in these months.
STATUTE OF THE RADICAL PARTY
1. THE PARTY
1.1. The structures and the organs
1.1.1. The Radical Party is a political body formed by the members of the party, the members of the radical associations and the members of the non-radical associations adhering at the regional level.
The organs of the federal party are the congress, the federal council, the first secretary and the federal secretariat, the treasurer, the board of auditors.
1.2. Financing
1.2.1. The federal party's financial sources are the individual fees of the members, the contributions of the non-radical associations or groups adhering at the federal level under art.3.2., other individual contributions - including from individuals who have no associative ties with the party - in relation to specific activities and initiatives, the revenues from particular activities and initiatives which have preventively and publicly been proposed by the first secretary and the treasurer.
The balance sheets of the federal party are public and are prepared on the basis of book-keeping entries drafted according to the rules of a systematic accountancy. The criteria for the order of the balance sheets and book-keeping entries are decided by the treasurer and are approved by the federal council. The party does not allow salaried positions.
2. MEMBERS AND RADICAL ASSOCIATIONS
2.1. The members
2.1.1. Any person may join the Radical Party. The conditions for joining the party are accepting the present statute, paying the individual fees to the federal party in the measure established by the federal congress, undertaking to adhere to or establish radical associations according to one's individual political, cultural, labour or other interests. Memberships are accepted by the secretariat of the federal party directly, or via the radical associations.
2.2. The radical associations
2.2.1. The radical associations are formed each by a mimimum number of members established by the congress of the federal party, who associate to pursue political, cultural, labour or other purposes without reference to any territorial area. The introduction of their own lists at the political and administrative elections is not among the purposes of the radical associations. The associations are governed by their own democratic regulations, in the respect of the present statute; they have their own name and their own symbol. In carrying out its activities and initiatives, the radical associations are required to carry out, as far as their competence goes and in the respect of the indications provided by the federal and regional executive organs, the binding deliberations established by the present statute.
The regulations of the associations provide for the appointment of a person in charge of managing the funds, who will draft regular balance sheets according to the unified criteria established by the organs of the federal party.
3. ADHERING NON-RADICAL ASSOCIATIONS AND GROUPS
3.1. Non-radical associations and groups that pursue their own political, cultural, labour or other purposes may adhere, as such, to the radical party. The members or adherents of such associations and groups are not required to join the radical party. The period of adhesion may be limited and pre-established.
3.2. Adhesion occurs at the federal level on the basis of agreements between the directive organs of non-radical associations or groups and the organs of the federal party. The agreements define the amount and the conditions of payment of the financial contribution to the federal party by the adhering association or group. Once the agreement is approved, the adhering association or group acquires the right, throughout the period of adhesion, to appoint among its members or adherents one to three representatives as effective members of the federal council and the delegates at the congress in the number established by the agreements themselves.
4. ORGANS OF THE FEDERAL PARTY
4.1. The Congress
4.1.1. It is the deliberative organ of the party, of which it establishes the guidelines and political address, deciding the specific objectives and specifying the fields of activity. The ordinary congress takes place yearly, during the first week of November, and must be called by the secretary of the federal party by September 30th; the extraordinary congress may be called by the first secretary, by the federal council with the absolute majority of its members, by one third of the members of the party of at least six months.
The congress is formed by the members of the Radical Party and by the delegates of the non-radical associations adhering at the federal level.
4.1.2. Deliberations adopted with a 3/4 majority are binding for the radical associations; likwise, deliberations adopted with a simple majority are also binding if the federal council of the federal council had deliberated on them with a 2/3 majority.
4.1.3. The congress:
a) elects the first secretary of the federal party; the secretary proposes a committee formed by five to seven members, which is ratified by the congress;
b) elects no less than thirty members of the federal council;
c) elects the treasurer and the board of auditors;
d) ratifies the adhesion to the federal party of non-radical associations and groups submitted by the first secretary and decided by the federal council.
4.2. The Federal council
The federal council is formed:
a) by thirty-five members elected at the Congress;
b) by the following members ex lege provided they are members of the Radical Party for 1989: two former secretaries and former treasurers, members of Parliament and former members of Parliament, former members of the secretariat and of the executive committee.
The first secretary, the federal secretariat and the treasurer participate without the right to vote. The federal council elects a president and meets on a regular basis every two months and on an extraordinary basis at the request of the first secretary or of 1/5 of its members.
The federal council:
a) Expresses its opinion on the initiatives for the implementation of the deliberations of the congress; expresses its opinion on the deliberations of the congress approved with a simple majority; such opinion becomes binding if it adopted with a 2/3 majority:
expresses itself on proposals rejected by the congress; in cases where such opinion is expressed unanimously, the federal organs are required to carry them out;
expresses itself on initiatives that have not been dealt with by the congress; in cases where the opinion is expressed with a 2/3 majority, the executive organs are required to carry them out; on the above matters it may also advance proposals and ask the executive to provide an account of their progress;
expresses its opinion on the initiatives pertaining to financial policy submitted by the treasurer;
b) deliberates with a simple majority on proposals of the first secretary, on the adhesion of non-radical associations and groups;
c) approves the regulation and the order of the day of the congress; submits a report to the congress;
d) guarantees the circulation of information within the party.
4.3. The first secretary and the federal secretariat
4.3.1. The first secretary is elected by the congress and is in charge of carrying out the policy of the federal party according to the directives established by the congress and the opinion of the federal council. The first secretary is assisted by the federal secretaries; together they form the federal secretariat. The first secretary is the legal representative of the radical party, except for cases covered by article 4.4. Namely, in the exercise of this legal representation, the first secretary proposes all the judicial measures he/she consider necessary to protect the rights and interests of the party, and assumes the trial representation.
The first secretary may ask the federal council for an opinion on the accomplishment of the congress deliberations and of the decisions of the council itself; the first secretary submits the deliberations passed by the congress with less than a 3/4 majority to the federal council; the secretary also submits the proposals rejected by the congress which he/she considers worthy of consideration to the federal council, as well as initiatives which the congress has not decided on.
The secretariat recognizes the radical associations on the basis of the requirements specified in article 2.2.1. The secretariat promotes the agreements for the adhesion of non-radical associations and groups which the first secretary submits to the federal council.
4.4. The treasurer
4.4.1. The treasurer is elected by the congress. The treasurer administers the funds at the disposal of the federal party and is in charge of managing them. The treasurer is the legal representative of the party in all economic and financial activities. The treasurer submits the yearly report and balance sheet to the congress. He/she submits to the federal secretariat and to the federal council the economic and financial policy initiatives, and may ask the federal council for its opinion on any initiative, for economic and financial reasons.
4.5. The board of auditors
4.5.1. Is formed by three members appointed by the congress; it revises and inspects the accounting; it approves the consolidated balance sheet and submits a financial report to the congress on the concluded administration.
NOTES
(*) The preamble was added at the beginning of the statute of the radical party during the 24th congress
1.1.1. The secretary has taken the name of "first secretary" following the transitory statutory modifications decided by the 32nd congress, second session, which were then made final by the 34th. Likewise for the federal secretariat.
The federal council was first replaced by the Federative Council
by the 26th congress for year 1981-82, which passed a transitory rule that established an organ entirely elected by the same congress formed by 35 members. For the subsequent years, each congress passed a transitory rule in such sense. The 32nd congress decided that for 1987 the FC would have been formed by 50 members selected among the members for 1987. In the statute the name "Federal Council" was rejected by the 34th congress along with the new tasks its was assigned. 2.2.1. The norm that provides that "is not part of the purposes of the radical associations..." was included by the 34th congress. Article 2.2.2. was suspended by the 32nd congress, 2nd session, and definitely scrapped by the 34th.
Article 2.3.1. (radical regional parties) and 2.3.2 were scrapped by the 34th congress.
art. 3.2. modified by the 34th congress.
art. 3.3. suspended by the 34th congress.
4.1.1. Last comma modified by the 35th congress relative to the composition of the FC, part I, comma.
Art. 4.2.1. Modified by the 15th congress of Florence (Nov. 1975), part 1, comma.
Art. 4.3.1. modified by the 34th congress, cf. above.
Art. 5 (elections and elected representatives) does not appear in any edition of the statute deliberated by the 34th congress, and should therefore be considered scrapped.
The 34th congress decided to change the symbol of the party. The F.C. of 27.5.99 charged a committee formed by Pannella, Stanzani, Taradash, Vigevano and Zevi with the task of submitting a new one. The new symbol chosen was the stylized figure of Gandhi.
