on the spread of organized crime linked to drugs trafficking in the Member States of the European Community

European Parliament

29 November 1991

Rapporteur: Mr Patrick COONEY

PE 152.380/fin.

At its meeting of 7 November 1990, the enlarged Bureau of the European Parliament took note of a letter by Mr COLAJANNI dated 15 October 1990 and a justification request dated 24 October 1990 and signed by more than one quarter of the current Members of the European Parliament to set up a Committee of Enquiry into the spread of organized crime linked to drugs trafficking in the Member States of the European Community, pursuant to Rule 109(3) of the Rules of Procedure. The European Parliament took note of this on 19 November 1990 and decided to agree to the setting up of a Committee of Enquiry and ratified the membership of the Committee of Enquiry on 24 January 1991. The Committee held its constituent meeting on 19 February 1991.

The Committee of Enquiry held twelve meetings between 19 February 1991 and 29 November 1991, including three hearings.

At its meeting of 27 and 28 November 1991, the Committee adopted the recommendations by 9 votes in favour and 6 votes against.

The following took part in the vote: Mr Bowe, chairman; Mr Colajanni, 1st vice chairman; Mr Stewart Clark, 2nd vice chairman; Mr Taradash, 3rd vicechairman; Mr Cooney, rapporteur; Mr Avgerinos, Mr Barros Moura, Mrs van den 8rink, Mr de Donnea, Mr Fernandez Albor, Mr Hadjigeorgiou, Mrs Reding, Mrs Salisch, Mr Schwartzenberg and Mr Vazquez Fouz.

The report was tabled on 2 December 1991.

CONTENTS

PART A: RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE OF ENQUIRY

PART B : PREFACE TO THE REPORT

INTRODUCTION

THE SCALE OF THE PROBLEM FACING THE COMMUNITY

PRECURSORS ESSENTIAL CH MICALS AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

CONSUMPTION OF ILLICIT DRUGS

NETWORK OF CRIME SYNDICATES

The Mafia

The Camorra

The 'Ndrangheta

The Yakusas

The Triads

- The Turkish Clans

Other ethnic clans

Organized Motorcycle Groups

Polish Organizations

ROUTES OF THE TRADE IN ILLICIT DRUGS

The Balkan Route

Africa

Central and South America

LEGAL PROVISIONS

ORGANIZATION OF ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES

National Police and Customs Services

Role of Drugs Liaison Officers

Interpol

Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)

DRUG MONEY AND MONEY LAUNDERING

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS

AND DRUGS TRAFFICKING

THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN THE FIGHT AGAINST

DRUGS TRAFFICKING

Recommendations for the future

PART C: SUBMISSIONStBY MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE OF ENQUIRY

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PREAMBLE

The power of the criminal organizations which control the drugs traffic is growinq at an alarming rate. It is having increasingly serious effects on society and on the political institutions of the Member States. It is undermining the foundations of the legitimate economy and threatening the stability of the States of the Community. The financial gains to be made from drugs trafficking enables the criminal organizations involved to contaminate and corrupt the structures of the State at all levels.

The extremely high cost of drugs on the market is one of the causes of deliquency, insecurity, unrest and social and racial discrimination. The health of users of illegal drugs suffers not only from the effects of the substances themselves but also because of the climate of illegality surrounding the market.

In certain countries, the spread of organized crime, its financial power, its ability to infiltrate the institutions and to influence the electoral consensus gives it a power to condition and blackmail which interferes with politial decisions. On numerous occasions, as the BCCI scandal shows, there has been collusion between criminal groups and the secret services and other structures of the State in subversive activities or money laundering, secret funding and the use of the same financial institutions. All this can weaken the political determination to attack the main centres of the international drug traffic.

In response to this situation, the EP is making a series of recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of control measures, in accordance with the 1988 Vienna Convention. These recommendations are based on the following considerations.

The police forces, customs authorities and the judicial system must concerntrate their activities primarily on the repression of drugs trafficking and the crime of laundering, while at the same time ensuring respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual.

The various Community, national and regional services and authorities responsible for repression must be subject to parliamentary control . The policies carried out to date have not achieved their objective, namely to stop, or at least reduce the penetration of drugs into the EC. It is estimated that repression has so far brought about a reduction of between 5 and 15% in the drugs traffic and the capital it generates. It is therefore necessary to assess whether assuming it were possible a determined increase in the effectiveness of repression could deal a significant, or even fatal, blow to the traffic or whether other strategies should not be considered.

The Committee therefore calls for a cost/benefit analysis of the present

policy on drugs based on the following indicators: living conditions of

illegal drug users, the spread of AIDS and the overdose risk among drug

addicts, the influence of drugs trafficking and the infiltration of crime into

the political system and the public service, the number and type of violent

crimes in the cities; the percentage of prosecutions for crimes linked to drugs in terms of the total volume of judicial proceedings and the prison / population. The formulation of new policies must be considered.

The following recommendations formulated by the Committee of Enquiry reflect issues directly related to its mandate, namely, to investigate the spread of organized crime linked to drugs trafficking in the Member States of the European Community and its effects on democracy.

It is the considered view of the Committee that apart from the phenomenon of drugs trafficking alone, it is also necessary to investigate the consequences of the fight on drugs, especially this fight's effects on democracy and its effects on the safety and liberty of the citizens,

1. The Committee considers that much greater effort must be made by governments and by the European Community to act on the "demand side" of the drugs problem. Governments of the Member States should enable Health and Welfare Ministries to ensure that more resources, more manpower and more practical efforts are made to reduce the risks associated with drug abuse, to the extent that at least a balance be created between the financial resources allocated to the reduction of demand and the reduction of supply. Therapeutic measures and substitution programmes to help drug addicts do not receive the attention which they should by governments and local authorities. Within its legal competence it is potentially the responsibility of the European Community in so far as social policy in general is concerned to increase allocation of financial and human resources. Not enough is done through the educational systems within our Member States to teach children to cope with health risks, drug use being one of them, to resi

st pressure from others and to take their own responsibility;

2. Drug addiction and drug misuse should primarily be treated as a subject of health and welfare and not as one of police and justice. Possession of illicit drugs in small quantities for personal use should not be considered as a criminal offence. Drug law should make a distinction between the consumer and the criminal world and avoid treating drug addicts as delinquents, thus jeopardizing any chance of social integration. Assistance to drug addicts should no longer be subject to the risk of prosecution under criminal law;

3. A drug addiction fighting against addiction exclusively with the criminal law and the compulsion to abstinence and offering governmental and public aid under the assumption of drug abstinence only has failed: the demand for drugs only is still existing, the social and medical misery of users is increasing rapidly, more and more addicts get infected by HIV, more and more users die, the illegal drug trafficking is spreading making bigger and bigger profits, the dread of people in the cities towards the drug trafficking and the acquisitive criminality is rising;

4. The Committee of Enquiry believes that it would be in the interests of the European Community and its member countries for public authorities to campaign to increase information about the above mentioned aspects in order to acquaint themselves with the problem and make available to the general public factual and instructive information regarding demand, and to offer drug addicts quidance and help in overcoming their addiction.

Publicity campaigns, the creation of data banks (observatories) and the generalized establishment of protocols covering health care and alleviation of symptoms are some of the Community measures needed which would be compatible with respect for democratic freedoms and the authorities' obligation to safeguard public health. In this context, ensuring free access to treatment, frr syringes, and the prescription of drugs (temalgesic, methadone) by registered clinics should be provided for by Member States;

5. Anti drugs efforts must concentrate not on the users and the bottom of the trafficking hierarchy, but on organized international trafficking and trafficking at the highest levels. There is a need to develop a pragmatic approach to reducing the risks associated with the use and abuse of drugs (harm reduction) by reimbursing the costs of drug addicts' health and social care. The aim is to ensure and organize the availability of unadulterated drugs at specific dosages, in order to reduce deaths and health problems (especially infection by the HIV virus) and lower the resultant crime rates. However, statements made by experts to the Committee show that the approach to dealing with the drugs problem in the European Community has not produced hard results. Each year the number of drug users and deaths from drugs is increasing, new forms of stronger and more damaging drugs are being produced and drugs production is rising. It is not possible to prevent the laundering of illegal earnings from drugs trafficking de

spite all the efforts made;

6. The majority of drug users live in cities or they come to the capitals, because there is the market, there is the scene and there is drug aid. Therefore most of all big cities are afflicted with drug problems and on the other hand, the influence of cities concerning drug policy is limited and contradicted to the burden such cities have to carry;

7. A clear distinction should be made between organized crime and ordinary crime, and the use of coercive measures should be defined. Independent scientific research is necessary in those areas where insight is a prerequisite for taking action and decisions, of which the negative consequences are incalculable and of which the results are more disadvantageous than the small successes of the investigation force (e.g. the legal admissibility of methods to combat drugs). The EC should also induce research into the correlation between organized crime and rising business crime on the one hand, and their direct detrimental effects on the social situation of the people as well as on the environment on the other hand, so that the awareness of the fact that such crime is a clear infringement of human rights will be sharpened. This way the tendency to trivialise particularly business crime could be reduced and persons involved could more easily be charged and condemned;

8. Whereas the Committee does not consider the following recommendations to be exhaustive, they do, however, constitute those matters of most importance which need to be taken by the European Community and its Member States. In some cases the fight against organized crime and drugs trafficking has not been fully nor efficiently engaged. Even when states are signatories to the United Nations Conventions referred to in this report, the priorities given to implementing and adapting the provisions of such conventions sometimes lack urgency. The initial resolve may consequently be undermined. A new and common resolve is now needed;

9. Parliament and the Commission should collaborate in promotinq a European Conference on drugs to examine in depth the results of the policies followed until now and to assess the appropriateness of harmonizing the legal systems of the Member States with a view to political and economic integration, taking into account the request of the European cities at the centre of the drugs trade;

Druqs production

10. Despite the conclusions of the FAO that measures on the demand side would yield better results than those on the supply side, the overall responsibility of the United Nations in coordinating global policy in relation to drugs trafficking and related issues should be confirmed and Member States should undertake to increase their financial contributions to the UN Drugs Control Programme and the World Health Organization's Programme on Substance Abuse in order that its programmes in developing countries in particular, be reinforced. All Member States of the European Community (and future candidate countries for entry) must ratify and implement the UN Conventions

: of 1961 on Narcotic Drugs (all EEC and EFTA countries have ratified),

: of 1971 on Psychotropic Substances (eitht EC countreis have ratified, but not Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Ireland. Austria and Switzerland have not ratified from the EFTA countries),

: of 1988 against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (the EEC as a whole ratified in December 1990; Sweden, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia have also ratified);

11. The European Community should achieve a more coherent development approach to the drugs problem, which takes into account overall economic priorities of the regions involved and allows them greater access to markets for goods both nationally and internationally. This implies improving communications and infrastructure as well as providing greater opportunities for investment in legitimate agricultural and nonagricultural production;

12. In such circumstances the Member States and the European Community shuld pursue a coherent development policy which is not, as hitherto, almost exclusively geared to their own economic advantage but which focuses on the political, social and economic conditions and requirements in the regions and states concerned. This implies that the Community and its Member States work within GATT for a world trade policy which promotes development, that they rethink their own foreign trade policies and bring European influence to bear within the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in such a way as to increase the chances of putting so called third world countries on the road to development in which they participate and which is geared to their basic needs;

13. The situation as regards drugs production in such countries as Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bolivia, Peru, Thailand and the Lebanon has not been investigated fully by the Committee of Enquiry as such was not its mandate. Nevertheless, the situation in the countries that produce crops used in the manufacture of illicit drugs (and most of these are developing countries) is such that the European Community, through its development and cooperation policy and through its evolving foreign policy, must act to support with concrete measures those governments who are determined to stop illicit drugs production. It should be noted that proof exists of the involvement of senior politicians and political (sometimes tribal) leaders in organized crime and drugs trafficking in some countries, most notably, Pakistan, surma and Thailand, Panama, Suriname, solivia as well as others. Furthermore, there must be complete coordination of existing activities at the level of the United Nations, intergovernmental organizations, nation

al organizations and different governments, regional administrations and alternative or non official organizations;

14. The amount of narcotic crops required for scientific and medical purposes should be thoroughly investigated as well as the use of such crops for other legal purposes. Only the surplus of narcotic crops should be removed as they diminish the conditions of the soil and take the place of other legal crops which makes the latter more costly. For the removal, research on the most efficient humane and environmentally safe methods of eradication of illicit narcotic plants should continue as existing chemical methods are a threat to human beings and the environment;

15. The ceasing of surplus production of narcotic crops must automatically be connected to crop substitution on a large scale. It is vital that the governments implicated join the project voluntarily. International blackmail, where development aid or financial aid depend on cooperation with the anti drugs programmes, are inconceivable. The European Community must take effective measures to support crop substitution (e.g. by offering import advantages) and at the same time reduce the demand for narcotic crops within the Community as well as improve the control of precursors and chemical substances needed for the production of illicit drugs and psychotropic substances. For the substitution crop, the whole economic trade process should be guaranteed. The national trade in the producing countries and the export are indispensable factors for the success of the substitution project. The organization of a crop substitution project must also contain development aid, financial and economic support, the development of

a social and physical infrastructure, etc.;

16. In the future an improved differentiation between drugs (from their origin to their effects) will be necessary in order to investigate better and more specific ways of dealing with the drugs problem in its variety on the three levels: supply, trafficking and demand. Such a differentiation between hard and soft drugs and correspondingly between natural, cultivated and industrialized manufactured drugs might read as follows:

Ultra hard drugs: heroin, crack

Hard drugs: morphine, cocaine, phencyclidine, methadone, pethidine

Medium hard drugs: amphetamines, barbiturates, LSD, psylocybin, mescaline, chemical solvents and absinth

Medium soft drugs: opium, hashish, khat, coca, tobacco, distilled alcohol

Soft drugs: cannabis, fermented alcohol, peyotl, hallucinogenic mushrooms, codeine and tranquillizers

Ultra soft drugs: tea, coffee and chocolate.

This classification demonstrates the need for a single health policy, based on epidemiological, toxicological and pharmacological factors, for all drugs, irrespective of their legal status;

Police and Customs cooperation

17. Within Europe, the Member States of the European Community should establish without delay a European Drugs Intelligence Unit (EDIU) which should be staffed by police and customs officials from the various Member States and include drugs liaison officers from key non Community countries;

18. This Intelligence Unit must be subject to democratic control to ensure proper accountability. A mechanism for establishing such control should be set up prior to the establishment of the Unit;

19. Each Community country must also establish, if it has not already done so, a national Drugs Intelligence Unit. Such Units must incorporate both police and customs investigation officials, as well as experts in financial matters, and should be democratically accountable;

20. All EC countries and candidate countries should swiftly enact provisions in their national legislation to permit controlled deliveries under similar agreed procedures; that is, allowing shipments of illicit drugs already detected, to proceed to their point of destination;

21. Police forces in Member States of the European Community as well as customs services must have a clear duty to report to their respective national drugs intelligence units;

22. Political responsibility for police and customs services is too diversified at present. In member states where this is the case steps should be taken to coordinate political control in the hands of a national inter ministerial coordinating committee with effective power, possibly chaired by the Head of Government or his delegate, ultimately responsible before national parliaments;

23. In the framework of more general harmonization of criminal law at Community level, the Community Member States must establish rules for common procedures, aimed at simplifying cooperation between the legal authorities in the various countries and coordinating and improving police investigations;

24. All EC Member States and candidate countries must sign the European Convention on Extradition in order to limit the number of 'safe havens' for criminal organizations;

Precursors and essential chemicals

25. The European Community and its Member States should accept the proposals of the Chemical Action Task Force of the G7 and recommend that the United Nations amend the 1988 Convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in order to include the comprehensive list of chemicals proposed by the G7. Eurthermore, provisions should beforeseen which enable further extension and constant updating of the list as new substances are created;

26. The European Community should aim to adopt the proposed directive on monitoring the manufacture of precursors and essential chemicals at the earliest opportunity with due regard for the contents of this report and the amendments proposed by the European Parliament in its report

(Rapporteur: Sir J. SCOTT HOPKINS);

27. While recognising that many chemical and pharmaceutical companies within the European Community go to considerable lengths to ensure that listed chemicals are not diverted from licit end use, the European Community must nevertheless tighten its legislation and introduce strong penal sanctions on companies which transgress such legislation. Such legislation must also be extended to carriers and transport companies, which should be managed and operated under a standardised European wide licensing system;

28. The European Community must exert particular pressure on all countries where an increasing number of chemically based illicit drugs are being produced;

Druq Routes and the abolition of Frontier Controls

29. The European Community must ensure that when internal frontier controls are abolished from January 1st 1993, selective checks aimed at high risk traffic are maintained within Member States;

30. Enforcement agencies must be empowered to operate on a routine basis within perimeters which may be outside national frontiers in direct cooperation with neighbouring countries, but only after the establishment of a proper system of democratic accountability which would be responsible for laying down and supervising clear guidelines for these activities;

31. Land, air and maritime surveillance techniques must be improved at the Community's external frontiers in conjunction with the Customs Cooperation Council;

32. The European Community must consider reinforcing Member States customs services, as well as reallocation and training of customs officials, particularly in the poorer Member States who should benefit from Community budget allocations for training and acquisition of new technology and equipment;

33. The reallocation and training of customs officials to enhance their ability to act against drugs trafficking must be accelerated, notably via the Mattheus Programme;

34. Customs officials and police should be encouraged to participate in exchange programmes with colleagues in other Member States while retainig their competence and authority in the host country;

35. Compatible data information systems are urgently required by enforcement agencies which incorporate existing programmes operating in Community Member States;

36. The European Community must further reflect on the proposed "baggage directive" which as it stands neither facilitates the free movement of people and their belongings nor effectively confronts the problems posed by drugs traffickers;

37. The licensing of international road haulage vehicles and their access to TIR registration plates should be placed under stricter international control; the Customs Cooperation Council should make recommendations;

Political institutions, corruption and criminal organizations

38. The corruption of governments and public servants ( particularly in the judiciary and in the forces of law and order) to the advantage of the drugs traffic is both the cause and effect of the sperad of this crime. This makes any repressive action extremely difficult, particularly because the links between politicians and criminal organizations are often indirect and screened by the complex system of money laundering. To ensure that action by the public authorities complies with the law not only in terms of the formal legitimacy of the action taken but also to avoid influence and infiltration by organized crime, a major initiative must be undertaken in the Member states on 'rules of transparency'. The EC could consider and adopt a real 'Charter of Transparency' in the form of recommendations to the Member States and valid throughout the Community covering tender procedures, appointments to public office and the distinction between political and administrative tasks and functions. Particular attention shou

ld be paid to recommendations concerning the transparency of action by political parties (funding and budgets, electoral campaign expenses of candidates, selection of candidates and appointments);

39. To promote the integrity of political parties by seeking to eradicate potential 'pollution factors' transparency must be demanded of the political parties in respect of their financial structure and balance sheets; they must be encouraged to select their candidates in accordance with the strictest criteria and to exclude such candidates as are known or suspected to be in contact with organized crime or oper to corruption;

40. Elected officials, politicians or other public representatives who are convicted by a clear sentence of having links with organized criminal bodies should be barred from office for a period proportional to the gravity of the crime committed. Legislation should be introduced in all Community Member States to this effect and it should be acted upon;

41. Member States must take appropriate steps to prohibit local authorities, on pain of dissolution, from awarding subsidies, licences and orders to persons convicted of money laundering in a Member State or under investigation of having links with criminal organizations;

42. Local authorities and governmental agencies must not be able to award contracts, licencies, subsidies or other favours to firms, companies or individuals who are convicted of having links with criminal organizations;

43. It is recommended that the Commission of the European Communities set up an office staffed with sufficient personnel with the relevant skills to monitor the development of organized crime in the Community;

44. It is recommended that the European Parliament set up a permanent sub commission or working group actually in a position to monitor, democratically and continuously, the intrigues of organized crime, in particular illegal arms and drugs trafficking, and to submit to the relevant institutions and bodies proposals for curbing and combating them;

45. The links between organized crime, public administration, politics and business will have to be investigated in greater depth. The evidence obtained will have to be made available to all bodies concerned including NGOs within the European Community, so that cooperation and coordination of counter measures can be effected on a large scale, comprising local, regional and national levels as well as the EC level;

Infiltration of Economic Sectors. the Use of Druq Profits and Money Launderinq

46. Monitoring of the application of the European Community directive on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering must be considered a priority by the Community and its Member States when it comes into effect on January 1st 1993. The Commission should establish a specialized service for this purpose. Legislation will have to ensure transparency in economic and financial flows to make it possible to distinguish between honest and dishonest economic operators and between the legitimate and illegal markets. Since laundering allows drugs traffickers to inject the vast profits arising from the illegal nature of the drugs trade into the legitimate economy, it is necessary not only to control economic and financial channels but also to study ways of preventing the accumulation of such profits by regulating the trade in substances which are now prohibited;

47. On the basis of this approach, measures to combat recycling must adopt a much more coherent system than is now considered possible, involving a joint commitment and joint cooperation (at national and international level, links between the standard instruments of repression and the instruments of market control and surveillance). This will also have the effect of reducing the number of criminal proceedings and administrative and internal monitoring activities, thus allowing the investigators to concentrate their efforts and energies on the most important cases. In defining recycling, it would appear to be advisable to introduce a threshold value, as is the case in US legislation, in the interests of greater efficiency;

48. Due recognition must also be given to the application of the Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the proceeds from Crime and its main provisions should be incorporated into Community legislation. (Special investigative powers and techniques, obligation to confiscate and recognition of foreign decisions). The relationship between market freedom and control of financial flows must be seen in terms of a correlation. Control is inherent to the freedom and security of the market;

49. Confiscation agreements should be agreed between Community countries and with as many other countries as possible in order to threaten the freedom of movement of money launderers. Member States should consider serious fiscal crimes involving an amount of 50.000 ECU or more as extraditable offences;

50. Where evidence exists of use of tax havens for money laundering, the European Community should impose sanctions available to it, against the authorities and financial institutions in the countries concerned. In the case of tax havens, most of which are in small Third World countries, steps should be taken internationally to introduce rules to provide for clarity and to reduce the incentives to develop such havens: this would involve a cooperation and development policy modelled on that which the UN and the EC should adopt to safeguard human rights; closer checks should also be made on the application of the regulations adopted by the traditional tax and banking havens;

51. The European Community must be fully associated with the G7 Financial Action Task Force and its secretariat;

52. It is important that, in any police investigation of large scale drugs offences, financial experts should be involved to unravel the financial structure and tax experts to calculate tax arrears;

53. The European Community and its Member States must introduce as a matter of urgency stronger regulatory mechanisms on the activities of banking and financial institutions in order to deter and dissuade such institutions from becoming involved in money laundering either voluntarily or involuntarily. Member States should undertake joint action to ensure that banking secrecy can no longer be invoked. There must also be legal measures to curb the crime of money laundering; the necessary measures must be available so that it is possible to assess the amount of money which has been laundered, to ascertain which banks are involved and to unmask the 'front' companies;

54. The European Community and its Member States must take it upon themselves to impose sanctions by the witholding of licences for banking and financial activity of all institutions convicted of money laundering anywhere in the world;

55. The introduction of registration for property development companies and other bodies susceptible to the laundering of drugs money should be considered, given that laundering is not conducted entirely through banks or financial institutions. Particular attention must also be paid to the control of traditional economic and commercial sectors such as the tourist industry, construction and property, the hotel sector and transport, the art market, treasury bonds and all sectors in which large amounts of cash are used;

56. As these are select forms of investment, an essentially informal style system of surveillance and control must be envisaged, involving cooperation between the control authorities ano organizationa of the various economic sectors concerned;

57. A section specifically related to financial crimes should be organized within the proposed European Drugs Intelligence Unit;

58. Countries wishing to apply to join the European Community should comply with the Community's money laundering directive and other measures before their applications are considered;

59. A comprehensive programme of public information should be drawn up within CELAD (European Anti Drugs Committee) and addressed to the twelve Member States taking into account all the factors involved and the particular nature and mentality of the population of each country. The European Parliament should take the initiative to disseminate information about drugs through television, radio and the press. At national level themedia should take an active part in the information campaign. Member States' secondary school curricula should include special lessons notonly on drugs but also on smoking and AIDS. Special information sessionsshould be held for parents, teachers, judges, police, etc. Non governmental organizations, the Church and local authorities should beinvolved in the information campaign. The European Community shouldprovide financial and moral support for the Member States' prevention andinformation programmes.