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Chart 1: Net world production of opium, coca leaf, marijuana and hashish. In tons.
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Country 1990 1989 1988 1987
Opium
Afghanistan 415 585 750 600
Iran 300 300 300 300
Pakistan 165 130 205 205
Total South-W Asia 880 1015 1255 1105
Burma 2250 2430 1285 835
Laos 275 375 255 225
Thailand 40 50 28 24
Total S-East Asia 2565 2855 1568 1084
Lebanon 32 45 na na
Guatemala 13 12 8 3
Mexico 62 66 50 50
Total opium 3520 3948 2881 2242
Coca leaf
Bolivia 81.000 77.600 78.400 79.200
Colombia 32.100 33.900 27.200 20.500
Peru 196.900 186.300 187.700 191.000
Ecuador 170 270 400 400
Total coca leaf 310.170 298.070 293.700 291.100
Marijuana
Mexico (*) 19.715 30.200 5.655 5.933
Colombia 1.500 2.800 7.775 5.600
Jamaica 825 190 405 460
Belize 60 65 120 200
Others 3.500 3.500 3.500 1.500
Total Marijuana 25.600 36.755 17.455 13.693
Hashish
Lebanon 100 905 700 700
Pakistan 200 200 200 200
Afghanistan 300 300 300 300
Morocco 85 85 85 60
Total hashish 685 1.490 1.285 1.260
(*) The previous estimates at 1989 had been made on other bases, and cannot therefore be compared to those of 1989 and 1990.
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Source: United States Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Washington, March 1991.
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Chart 2: Ten drug-producing countries, plus Japan and Italy, classified according to the Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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Country HDI Position in the
general classific.
of 160 countries
Afghanistan 0,069 157
Burma 0,437 106
Bolivia 0,416 110
Colombia 0,757 61
Iran 0,577 92
Laos 0,253 128
Lebanon 0,592 88
Pakistan 0,311 120
Peru 0,644 78
Thailand 0,713 66
Japan 0,993 1
Italy 0,955 18
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Source: Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, Rapport mondial sur le développement humain 1991, Economica, Paris, 1991.
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Chart 3: Population, per capita income, economic growth and foreign debt of ten drug-producing countries. Year 1989.
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Country a b c d e
Afghanistan (*) 17 na na na na
Burma 41 na na 4,1 na
Bolivia 7 620 -0,9 4,3 102,2
Colombia 32 1.200 3,5 16,8 45,8
Iran 53 3.200 0,5 na na
Laos 4 180 na 0,9 152,6
Lebanon (*) 3 na na 0,5 na
Pakistan 110 370 6,4 18,5 46,9
Peru 21 1.010 0,4 19,8 73,5
Thailand 55 1,220 7,0 23,4 34,1
a = Population in millions.
b = Per capita Gross National Product (GNP)L) in US$.
c = Average annual percentage growth of the Gross Domestic Product, 1980-89.
d = Foreign debt in US$.
e = Foreign debt as % of the GNP.
(*) Source as for chart 2.
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Source: The World Bank, World Development Report 1991, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991.
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Chart 4: U.S. aid to Bolivia, Peru and Colombia. In millions of US$. Fiscal year 1991 (in brackets the administration's request for 1992).
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Bolivia Peru Colombia
Economic aid 137,3 (180,8) 157,2 (187,7) 54,1 (53,8)
Military aid 35,9 (40,9) 24,5 (39,9) 51,5 (60.3)
Anti-drug 15,7 (15,7) 19,0 (19,0) 20,0 (20,0)
assistance, of which:
Repression 13,5 (14,3) 17,8 (17,9) 18,8 (18,6)
Prevention 0,0 (0,0) 0,2 (0,1) 0,3 (0,3)
Alternative 2,2 (1,5) 1,0 (1,0) 1,2 (1,4)
development
TOTAL 188,9 (237,4) 200,7 (246,6) 125,6 (134,1)
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Source: "Fact Sheet: U.S. Economic, Military, and Counter-Narcotics Program Assistance", U.S. Department of State Dispatch, 2 March 1992.
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Chart 5: A few estimates on the annual global turnover of the drug industry. In billion US$.
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Source Estimate
FATF(a) 122
German government (b) 250
U.S. Department of State (c) 300
Fortune(d) 500
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(a) Mentioned in "Crime and Drug traffic in the Member States", report of the committee of inquiry of the European Parliament in the diffusion of organized crime related to the drug traffic in the Community, 2 December 1991. FAFT stands for Financial Action Task Force, a body created after the G-7 summit in Paris in July 1989. The estimate refers to the monetary value of the sales of heroin, cocaine and hashish in the United States and in Europe in 1989. it is interesting to remark the following: US$ 106 billion are attributed to the consumption in the U.S., versus 16 in Europe; the heroin consumption is estimated to account for 10% of
the total consumption; slightly more than 2/3 of the total (US$ 85 billion) are supposedly laundered.
(b) Mentioned in "The EC Single Market promises to be a boon for the narcotics trade", The Wall Street Journal Europe, 2 September 1992.
(c) United States Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Washington DC, Government Printing Office, March 1991, p. 16. Oddly, the source of this estimate is attributed precisely to the FATF.
(d) Louis Kraar, "The Drug Trade", Fortune, 20 June 1988.
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Chart 6: Average retail price of one gram of heroin, cocaine and hashish in Italy. In lire.
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Substance Price
Heroin (a) 160.000
Cocaine (b) 185.000
Hashish 12.000
(a) One gram of street heroin rarely contains more than 150 mgs. of substance, and corresponds to three-four single doses.
(b) One gram of cocaine corresponds to about forty single doses. Cf. Giancarlo Arnao, Proibizionismo, Antiprobizionsimo e Droghe, Millelire-Stampa Alternativa Editrice, Roma, s.d.
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Source: CENSIS-CDS, Contro e Dentro, Milano, Franco Angeli, 1992, pp. 108-9.
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Chart 7: Formation of the price of cocaine and heroin. In US$.
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Price
Heroin (1 kg.)
From the farmer (10 kg. of opium) 1.000
Wholesale 200.000
Retail 2.000.000
Cocaine (1 kg.)
From the farmer 1.200
Export (Colombia) 7.000
Import (Miami) 20.000
Wholesale (Detroit) 40.000
Retail 250.000
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Sources: for heroin, Jean-François Couvrat, Nicola Pless, La face cachée de l'économie mondiale, mentioned in Germàn Fonseca, "Economie de la drogue: taille, caractéristiques et impact économique", Revue Tiers Monde, July-September 1992; for cocaine, Peter Reuter, "Quantity Illusions and Paradoxes of Drug Interdiction into Vice Policy", mentioned in Morris J. Blachman, Kenneth E. Sharpe, "The War on Drugs", World Policy Journal, winter 1989-90.
